10. The Sea and the Salt

Among other features of the Vikings, their seafaring skills were important in sustaining their communities. Therefore, in the folklore of the Vikings, the origin and nature of the sea hold a special significance. The tale explaining the presence of salt in sea water is a wonderful example of the use of fables to explain natural phenomenon.

The story draws on elements of daily life, such as the quern, and then adds a supernatural twist in that it magically grinds whatever the holder desires. It takes the hero on a journey to Hell where he deals with the Devil, trading bacon for the quern. Then he listens patiently to a sage-like old man, showing respect for his elders, and is the beneficiary of great reward.

But the story also invokes facets of humanity, such as greed and sibling rivalry. It offers a lesson that plays with the haste of greed and loss incurred by rash and proud desire. In its resolution, there is the dark impact on all humanity of selfish behavior of a few, as the sea becomes salted for ever more.

While the story of The Sea and the Salt is clearly a fable, it reflects the morality, environment and values of the Viking people.

9. Holy Thursday Nights

Among the Viking communities, Thursday nights were maintained as holy and held a revered status perhaps best appreciated as being the end of Thor’s day. Homes would be cleaned and made ready for the impending arrival of the deity. In anticipation, members of the household would remain as still as possible and the home would be a place of serenity and hope.

The event that was to take place was the visitation of Thor. He was expected to come into the home and was referred to as Gofar, the Good Father. His presence was an acknowledgement of his approval of the family and his support for their ambitions.

The cleanliness of the home was also of great importance as, after Thor had visited, Frigg was expected to arrive. As the wife of Odin and the knower of the fate of all men, Frigg was shown great respect. In addition, there was an impending possibility that she would give birth at any moment. Therefore, the floor had to be in an appropriate state for an event of such enormous significance. After all, her offspring would be Gods in their own right.

No doubt the instances were rare of Frigg going into labor on the floor of the living room having just popped in for a quick visit once Thor had left. But that was no reason for the Vikings to dismiss the possibility. After all, such faith in legend is what folklore is about.

8. Creation

Fundamental to any folklore is the story of creation, the beginning of all things. The legends of the Frost Giants hold tales of mighty and monstrous beings that existed before the coming of man, so the creation of the world in which the Vikings would dwell was a product of this mythology.

After a savage battle in which Odin, Ve and Vili, the sons of the Frost Giant Bor, had killed the Frost Giant Ymir, they decided to assure themselves of Ymir’s death. They mutilated the body so extensively that the parts that they scattered became the basis of the physical world.

The bones of Ymir became the mountain ranges and the smaller hard fragments became the rocks and pebbles of the seashore. Where they had worked, the earth had been pushed aside into rolling hills leaving gullies and huge depressions. Into these, the blood of Ymir was poured to create the rivers, lakes and seas.

The skull of Ymir was held aloft by four dwarves, whose race had risen from the soil, and the skull formed the sky. The dwarves were placed at each corner of the sky and named North, East, South and West. The legend continues and explains the creation of the stars, the sun and the moon using interacting aspects of the mythology.

Some would say that the violence and barbarism of the tale is redolent of the culture of the Vikings as warriors and as a people. But the death of a supernatural being as the basis of new life is a theme repeated in many cultures and religions and the presence of this being in the land, sea and sky helps present a respect for nature and the environment.

7. Thor’s Hammer

Relics have long been important elements to a broad range of cultures; the bones of Saints were said to hold healing powers for Christians, the blood of an executed King was gathered by his subjects as holy and an autographed baseball is cherished. So there is nothing unusual about the Viking’s respect for the hammer of Thor.

Commonly legend tells that Thor’s Hammer returned to him when he cast it, but in some areas there was the belief that it lay in the countryside waiting to be recovered. But unlike the leprechaun’s pot of gold, the hammer, or a bit of it, was found in the woods and farmland. Unfortunately, the fragments were actually stone-age arrows, the remnants of long-passed battles, but fact is rarely an issue in matters of belief.

Like other cultural relics, these pieces of “hammer” were used as charms against evil, sickness or trolls. They could be hung above the door of a home to provide protection against lightning strikes, fire, illness, and, of course, trolls. Similarly, they would provide protection for livestock if they were hung over the door to a barn and could be used to cure almost any ailment.

The Hammer of Thor was as strong a connection to the deity of the Vikings as a crucifix is to Christians. But it had the added appeal of being found in a place of battle and so carried the energy and power of a warrior, as well as sharing the mystery of faith.

6. Rolv Ganger

The legend of Rolv Ganger is one with a foot in both folklore and history. A man of enormous size, it is interesting that folklore does not label Rolv a giant as giants had played such important roles in Viking mythology. Perhaps this was a reflection on some of the less laudable aspects of his life and a reluctance to place an outcast on such a pedestal.

As a result of his unacceptable behavior, Rolv Ganger was exiled from Norway. He was then driven to find a suitable place to make a life for himself and his men. But this was never going to be an easy task and he found his only chance for success came with a sword in his hand. So fierce was his attack on Europe that he came to the court of France with a fearsome reputation.

In his dealings with the French King Charles the Simple, Rolv was able to gain the province of what became Normandy. This was a suitable land and, having married a duke’s daughter, he and his men were able to settle there. As Rolv and his men were men from the north, there is a school of thought that these were the first Normans.

Over time, Rolv Ganger ruled a large part of France. He fathered four daughters by his first wife and, after her death, married the daughter of a French King. It would seem that he had no son and heir, but his descendants ruled in both France and, through the agency of William the Conqueror, Britain.

The meeting of fact and folklore in the tale of Rolv Ganger are probably the only parts of his colorful story that don’t clash, which is probably as good an argument as any to celebrate his legend.

5. Freya

The folklore of most cultures is male dominated, but there is usually at least one strong female who tends to those needs of the people that the strong, warrior males can’t manage. So it was in Viking folklore, where Freya was the goddess associated with beauty, fertility, sorcery and love. But, just in case she was thought to be a little too genteel, she was also associated with gold, war and death.

Freya rode in a chariot, which has connotations of warlike behavior, but it was driven by two cats. She had a boar named Hildisvíni, a husband, Óðr, and two daughters, Hnoss and Gersemi. In addition, she had a cloak made of falcon feathers, which allowed her to fly in the shape of a falcon and a magical amber and gold necklace, Brísingamen, which signified her power as a magical practitioner and leader.

Most commonly Freya was called upon to assist in matters of the heart and to lend a hand in regard to issues of fertility. As a deity in a notoriously warlike culture, Freya had her worked cut out in a range of ways. She had to maintain the intensity of a warrior, while ensuring the place of love in the community of her people.

Within the community of the Gods, she was often a tragic figure. She wept for her long-absent husband, Óðr, and her tears turned to red gold when they fell on rocks and amber when they fell on water. Using pseudonyms, she searched for him so she could escape the advances of other powerful Gods, who wished to marry her.

Freya was not the typical female deity, but she was the kind of female deity that was needed by the Vikings. Her female charms and strong warrior core made her the perfect Goddess and in doing so an important part of Viking folklore.

4. Odin

Among the major figures of Viking folklore, few are as influential to the events and deities as Odin. Acknowledged as the deity overseeing War, Battle, Victory and Death, he also has a gentler side where he is associated with Wisdom, Poetry, Magic and Prophecy. Through the derivative Wodan, devotion to Odin is recognized in the dedication of Wednesday.

As a son of Bor, Odin killed Ymir and, with his brothers Ve and Vili, he used the remains of the Frost Giant to create the world of the Vikings. Furthermore, as the ruler of Valhalla, Odin provided a place for slain warriors in the afterlife. But probably his most encouraging feature was his inability to eat food as he consumed nothing but wine.

Odin’s spear, Gungnir, never missed its target, which led to him be pierced by it himself and remaining hung in that predicament for nine days. While pinned to the World Tree, he learned nine powerful songs and twice as many runes, the beginning of his great gift to his people, that of writing.

The tale sounds inconsistent, in that the most powerful of all deities subjected him to such hardship so as to give a gift to his people. Surely he could have achieved the same end without such sacrifice. But that was largely the point of the story. No matter how great you are, you must be prepared to pay your due.

There are many other stories that feature Odin throughout Viking folklore, but the constant is the use of the chief divinity to teach his people.

3. Thor

Of all the deities, characters and places in Viking folklore, none is as popular as Thor. Although Odin had perhaps a greater influence in overall scheme of things, the efforts of Marvel Comics, television cartoons and Kenneth Branagh’s film may have made Thor a more exciting character. The other possibility is that one could worship Thor without the need for human sacrifice, which most people feel is akin to slapstick comedy; it’s O.K. as long as it’s not happening to me.

The son of Odin and Fjorgyn, Thor was the God of law, fertility, the sky and thunder. The latter is probably also a reason for his popularity due to its immediacy. It’s one thing to acknowledge a God who has produced a good crop over the course of months, but it’s another to be addressed by one who lets rip with booming responses almost as quickly as a flash of lightning.

Thor was renowned for his goat-drawn chariot and the belt he wore, Megingjard, which doubled his strength. But it his hammer, Mjollnir, that was the most recognizable feature of the God. Thrown to create every lightning bolt, it became a symbol of religious fervor rivaling the Christian crucifix with relics and replicas displayed above the doors of homes and barns to protect the inhabitants.

The basis of Thor’s appeal may well be a personal thing, but there’s no doubt the passionate warrior with determination in his eyes, fiery red hair and a bold red beard was as big a character in Viking folklore as any other and bigger than most.

2. Jack Frost

Although popularized through literature and movies of other cultures, Jack Frost originated in the Viking mythological character, Jokul Frosti.  He is the personification of winter and the extreme cold common to the winters of Scandinavia. His artistry, in creating the fern-like patterns which appear on windows in the morning, and his mischievous nature, felt through the nipping of extremities that are exposed to the cold, have become the things of folklore.

But against the aloof and seemingly cold character of Jack Frost, there is a deeper and sadder side that is seldom explained. Legend holds that Jack was originally a God, who controlled the presence of cold. He was notoriously in conflict with his cousins, the offspring of Logi, the God of fire and heat. Then, one day, he fell in love with a mortal girl.

He was so besotted by her that he asked his father to make him mortal so that he could marry her and live with her. Reluctantly, his father agreed on the understanding that Jack would lose all his supernatural powers. However, the joy of living with his love was disrupted when her life was placed in jeopardy. The only way to save her was to call on his supernatural powers, but in doing so he had to become an immortal again and relinquish her love.

The loss of his love led Jack to become a sad, distant and cold character; a God that longed for the comfort of his love.

1. Valhalla

The fierce and fearsome Viking warriors were taught from an early age that bravery in battle was the ultimate goal. Not only were their role models ferocious fighters, but their folklore echoed the beliefs and values that spurred them on to their destiny. Among the tales and lessons that prepared them for war, there was always a promised reward for their service, that being the honor and glory of eternity in Valhalla.

Translated as the “hall of slain heroes”, Valhalla was described as a magnificent hall with a roof made of shields and five hundred and forty doors. Every door was wide enough to allow eight hundred heroes marching abreast to enter and every night the warriors would celebrate with a feast at which Odin would be the host.

To reach the great hall one only had to die fighting bravely in battle and then be in the half of the slain warriors chosen by Odin. The Viking warrior would then be led by the Valkyries, warrior maidens, to the Valhalla where he would enjoy a fresh battle every day and recover from his wounds in time for the banquet.

The other half would accompany the Goddess Freya to the field of Fólkvangr. However, any warrior who died other than in combat or whose death was dishonorable would be sent to Hel.

Although, it can be argued that the legend of Valhalla was simply meeting the tastes of the community in their thirst for blood, there is an argument that identifies the tale as pre-echoing the folklore of cultures later in history. The virtual martyr status awarded to those who fought without concern for their own wellbeing has been used as an incentive for soldiers repeatedly, especially in situations where the need for exceptional sacrifice has been required.

Whether Valhalla exists or not the function of the folklore to inspire an army of violent warriors certainly worked for the Vikings.

The cultural significance of folklore rests in its use as an educational tool for the community. Through it the values of the society are illustrated and reinforced. In the case of the Vikings, a violent and warlike people, the courage and strength of the warrior was foremost. This dictated the role of women as in Freya’s regular weeping for her long absent warrior husband and the vision of the afterlife in Valhalla’s daily mortal combat from which the wounds would heal in time for the revelry of the nightly feast.

While we might find relating to the politics difficult, the necessity of such attitudes for the survival of Vikings was clear and it doesn’t take a great deal of digging or thinking to notice the similarities with some contemporary belief systems.

But the reality is that robots and electronic devices are becoming more autonomous every day. The need to regulate their use, behavior and the underlying principles that determine our attitudes towards them is becoming more pressing with each step that they are able to take away from the hands-on control of humans.

As a starting point for dealing with these issues some governments have already begun work on a charter of robot ethics and so, with the suggestions of these bodies in mind, these are the top-ten future electronic/robot ethics issues. They run from tenth in importance to the most significant and each deserves serious consideration in its own right.

10. Robots created for adult purposes should not be permitted to work with children

Somewhere between the domestic and industrial uses of robots, there is a space for robots that will serve adult only purposes. In the same way that the internet has vast potential for positive and productive contributions to our lives, yet it is mostly dedicated to disseminating the sort of content you would never show your mum, the technology of robotics may well produce devices and electronic entities that will have to be restricted to adult usage.

This raises huge ethical questions about the capacity of these machines to also work with children. If a robot was created in the genre of the “naughty-nanny”, could it serve a dual purpose of providing care and companionship for the children, while also being a plaything of the parent? Or does the parent have to invest twice?

The waste of resources is contrary to the whole premise of creating occupational and financial savings to the owner. Yet, in many countries, humans who wish to work with children must pass a series of assessments to show that they are fit to do so. It is obvious that the safety of the child must take precedence over any other consideration.

However, a further concern that this division of labor arouses is the creation of a subculture of “naughty-robots”. As technology continues to develop and fine-tune the design of these machines, does society want a class of robots that operate with a different set of moral standards to most of society?

9. Robots should remain identifiable at all times

When we think of cars rolling off an assembly line, we automatically acknowledge that, apart from some superficial features, they are identical. For this reason, cars are fitted with number plates and vehicle identification numbers so the authorities can keep track of them. It makes sense then to apply the same principle to robots.

As machines with exceptionally greater power to have an impact on a community, robots, more so than cars, need to be readily identifiable. But before images of rogue Yul Brynner cowboy-robots rampage into your mind with all guns blazing, it’s probably worth noting that we are thinking more along the lines of a malfunctioning domestic cleaning unit that is trying to vacuum aisle twelve in the supermarket. Being able to identify it will mean that its warranty can be enacted and that it can be returned to its owner more easily.

However, as other ethical issues are discussed it must be considered that, as with most technological advances, there are always people who will misuse technology for their own advantage. Whether the intent is to protect society or the robot itself, being able to identify the robot is essential to the security of the community.

8. Robots should not leave the country without a permit

A worker on the docks always raised the suspicion of customs officials as he left on his bike each night. They were sure he was stealing something, but their searches and questioning revealed nothing they could pursue. That was until they realized that he arrived every morning on foot and left every night with a new bike.

This tale is an example of the potential dangers of allowing robots to move as chattel from one country to another. Issuing a passport to a robot carries with it an assumption of humanity. But without a permit, the autonomy of a robot would make it possible for unscrupulous traders to shift bus and plane loads of robots from one country to another without necessarily paying the required duties and levies.

A further concern is the capacity of the robot to carry information across borders without restriction. Portable devices, such as smartphones and external hard drives, can hold the personal details and financial dealings of thousands of people. Consider a more advanced form of information storage device that was mobile and could act autonomously. The potential for such machines to play a role in international identity theft and financial corruption is frightening. Regulation of the movement of such robots would go some way to securing against such activity.

7. A robot should not deceive a human being

Although this appears to be a commandment leveled at the robots, it is actually a direct instruction to programmers and designers. The capacity for deceit is present within the constraints of the technology. The setting of priorities for strategies and responses when the robot is faced with interrogation allows for the owner to be protected at the expense of the truth.

While robots are expected to be developed to have greater facial expression than Hymie from Get Smart, detecting nervousness or other tell-tale signs of deception in a robot would be much harder than in a human. Other incentives to provide truthful responses, such as appeals to conscience, would have little bearing on a robot as would threats of incarceration.

The greatest dilemma in determining truthfulness in a robot will remain the ability of the robot to understand the concept of truth. As truth is always painted from the point of view of the teller, a robot can only recall events from the information it is allowed to process. Requiring it to surmise or extrapolate may be well beyond its scope.

6. Robots should always be traceable

The desire for “traceability” is an understandable precaution in an industry that has the potential to grow at an exponential rate. As more sophisticated robots are able to perform more tasks with greater autonomy, the need to be able to account for their movements and actions is fundamental to maintaining control. The Standards of the European Union in this regard demand a “black-box” system of recording for such purposes.

Yet, such a means of accountability raises the ethical question of the robot’s right to privacy. In much the same way that humans object to closed circuit television and unauthorized audio recording, the robots could raise the argument that they are entitled to privacy at times in their lives.

Similarly, in situations where robots and humans interact, the recording of the meeting may well infringe on the human’s right to privacy. Obviously, an encounter with an adult entertainment robot could cause embarrassment should it be divulged through the traceability provision. But even dealings with robots designed for innocent financial transactions or standard communication functions could present unwarranted invasions of the privacy.

At some point, discerning robot from human will become difficult. Robots will become autonomous and functioning entities. Their right to privacy, if not for their own sake, will become vital in their dealings with humans. While it may be convenient to have complete traceability, there are many ethical hurdles to face before it can become appropriate.

5. The impact of robots on unemployment

The vision of robots relieving man of the mundane, repetitious and most menial tasks has always been high on the list of reasons to create the machines. But success in this endeavor carries with it some serious ethical concerns regarding the rights of workers, both human and robotic.

Workers in the developed world already face the hardship of unemployment when their jobs are out-sourced to a country that has a lower standard of living and significantly lower pay rates. As robots take on the unskilled jobs of the working class, the income and self-worth of these human workers will deteriorate. In the face of such social change, there is a real need for the government and employers to address the wellbeing of these unemployed workers.

Furthermore, the exploitation of the robot workers leads to the creation of a sub-class of the eternally struggling poor. Attitudes and motivations that arise from a community that has limitations on employment, finances and hope can lead to the growth of crime and a disregard for authority. As robot workers become more autonomous and human-compatible, the danger of establishing a robot “ghetto” will need to be addressed.

Similarly, the ethics behind effectively instituting slavery in the form of an entity being bonded to a company or human as chattel, may well evoke strong social reaction as the humanity of the robots becomes more recognizable.

While we may dream of the day when robots carry out all the boring jobs, leaving us time for leisure and luxury, the reality may be more difficult to accept. A purposeless life may well be soul destroying and, against a backdrop of pseudo slavery, the world may be a bleak reflection of our dreams.

4. A robot should never be deliberately damaged or destroyed

The Korean charter of rights for robots has many excellent offerings to the discussion of ethics relating to robots. One of the most obvious is the setting in law that the deliberate act of damaging or destroying a robot is an offence. While the law doesn’t go so far as to use language such as “kill”, “murder” or “assault”, there are a number of ethical aspects to this regulation.

Most obvious, and some would consider whimsical, is the rights of the robot. Animals are protected in many countries from cruelty, so why should a robot, which may have strong human features, not also be protected. Is killing a robot, which possesses a human form, not the same as murdering a person?

Obviously, as an offence against the robot, the answer must be “No”. The act of destroying a machine, no matter how much it looks like your Uncle Bob, is not depriving it of life. But, perhaps the greater concern is the intent. While no life is lost, the intent of the attacker was to stop an entity functioning. If they didn’t know that the victim was a robot, the intent was premeditated murder. Such behavior cannot be tolerated in a peace-loving society.

If, however, the aggressor did know that the victim was a machine, their crime is still one of willful damage. They have permanently deprived someone of their possession and so they have also effectively committed theft.

Even if the robot was their own property, the decision to damage or destroy it, either deliberately or through neglect, indicates that there is a significant issue relating to violence that must be addressed.

3. A robot should have the capacity to kill

Beyond the tedious tasks that we would like to allocate to robots, there are the distasteful and dirty jobs that we would rather not know about. These include government sanctioned acts of violence, such as war or police actions demanding the use of deadly force. But a vital aspect of these applications of robots is the autonomy of the machine in such circumstances.

Without bothering to enter into the science fiction realm of rogue robots in a killing frenzy, the issue of a robot’s authority to take life is fundamental to its fulfilling the roles of soldier or law enforcement officer. But giving a robot the power of life and death over a human could be construed as raising its status above that of the humans it encounters.

This further complicates the civil rights of robots and issues such as privacy and freedom of movement can become more involved discussions. It would seem contradictory that a robot could be limited in the expression of opinions, but given license to shoot someone.

It could be argued that the robot is simply a weapon and that, as gun simply enacts the process of firing when the trigger is squeezed, so the robot will only carry out the act of killing when commanded. However, the practicalities of having a human controller for every robot soldier or police officer could be unworkable.

The other option would be to extend the autonomy of the robot, allowing it to make value judgments and carry out actions on its own undertaking. Understandably, this produces a range of concerns including, the moral capacity of the robot, the legal responsibility for the machine and the safety precautions in the event of a software malfunction.

While society may deplore acts of violence and wish unburden its soldiers and law enforcement officers of such tasks, there are profound issues to be discussed before these roles can be relinquished to a robot.

2. Robots should be allowed to marry

While it may appear the stuff of bizarre websites or sensationalist television programming, the concept of a person marrying a robot, or two robots marrying each other, holds more concern than the derisive shaking of our heads would suggest. Aside from the sadness of the lonely person who can find no companionship more satisfying than that of a machine, there is the fact that marriage involves a commitment from two parties. Whether a robot has the capacity to make such a commitment is questionable.

Some celebrants and would-be robot-spouses argue that their robot fulfills all their needs and that formalizing the relationship is simply a public recognition of an otherwise private bond. However, the lack of free will on the part of the robot would suggest that it could not make any decision other than that directed by its owner. On this basis, one wonders how the purpose of the marriage certificate would differ from a purchase receipt.

In a passionate, but slightly whining, voice those pursuing such a union would explain that they want to share their lives and all they have with the intended partner. This strikes at the heart of a deeper issue than the provision of companionship for the desperately lonely, that is, the concept of property ownership.

If marriage is seen only as ritualistic reciting of promises and ignores the spiritual and legal connotations that are intrinsic to the sacrament, then a robot might be the ideal partner for the sake of the performance. However, as numerous governments around the world are even reluctant to recognize same-sex marriage between humans, the chances of their recognizing marriage involving an entity with no sex or, as Mork put it, interchangeable parts is minimal.

1. Robots should be able to own property

Underlying many of the ethical issues that confront the designers and programmers of robots is the definition of humanity. For all the discussions that argue the potential for robots to reason and learn independently of man, the most salient test of a robot’s rights as a human rests in a sadly capitalistic measure. That is, the ability to own property.

As a property owner a robot would have to be recognized by the legal machinations of the state. The robot would be liable for expenses and obligations associated with the property, as well as being entitled to profits and benefits arising from it. This would provide a status that would demand that the robot have voting rights in company dealings, in addition to the power to hire and fire workers, including humans.

This would allow the robot to enter into legally binding partnerships, such as businesses, trust funds and marriages. They would the right to carry out financial dealings, and presumably other dealings, in a private and respected manner. They would also have the right to protect their property by forceful means, which in some jurisdictions would include the right to kill.

Property ownership would also produce the ethical dilemma of a robot owning another robot. The ability to possess an entity of the same nature would produce a scenario not greatly unlike slavery. At that point, all robots would have to be granted legally human status.

The presence of robots in our society creates a multitude of ethical questions. Most of these will have logical and sensible answers. But as robots become more human-like in appearance, in the roles that they play and in their legal standing, many of the worst aspects of humanity, including prejudice, discrimination and envy will need to be revisited and defeated again.

In some regards, the more that robots remain in the image of their predecessor from Lost in Space and the more that they stay clunky and machine-like, the safer it will be for all of us.

Some of these hunts focused on weeding out the lower class, the impoverished, or anyone the ‘average,’ townsfolk thought to be odd. Thousands upon thousands of people were publicly executed in some fashion during these times of apprehension. The weakness of Christianity was one of the main reasons why such atrocities took place in history.

Though some of those burned at the stake confessed, albeit some due to duress. Most of them were innocent victims of society’s cruel prejudice.

10. The Salem Witch Trial

The Salem Witch Trials have set the standard the term ‘injustice’ in American history.  In the late 1690′s, while most of Europe was still recovering from a nearly 300-year fear of witchcraft, there was economic hardship on the east coast of the United States, caused by their citizen’s displacement, due to King Williams’s war in upstate New York. Much was to blame for the decline in the quality of life for citizens, specifically witchcraft. Between the years of 1692 and 1693, more than 200 people were tried, convicted, and subsequently executed. Some were hanged, stoned, and burned at the state.

The trouble began when Elizabeth, the daughter of the new Reverend, Samuel Parrish, who no one in the Massachusetts town liked because of his strict and often cruel ways of establishment, became ‘fitful,’ throwing items, swearing, and acting strange. The same behavior became apparent in his niece, Abigail a short time later. It was confirmed by two separate physicians that the cause of their ailment was ‘demon possession.’ After a brief investigation, three women were arrested on charges of witchcraft.

Sara Good, a homeless merchant, pleaded innocent to all charges, as did Sarah Osbourne, a poor, elderly woman. Tituba, a slave from the Caribean islands, pleaded guilty, admitting to official of her images of the supernatural, practicing black magic, cavorting with the devil, and agreeing to do ‘his bidding.’ Due to the confession, all three women were found guilty and executed. Several trials took place, where score of women, mostly impoverished, elderly women, were hanged and burned at the stake.

In 1697, the courts in Salem decided to initiate a time of ‘fasting and soul-searching’ in order to examine what happened in the trials, and reflect on the score of people who were murdered mercilessly. In 1702, the trials were declared unlawful, and families were compensated for their losses.

9. Aberdeen, Scotland Witch Burnings

In 1563, a the reformed church, led my ministers and elders of the ruling denomination began a witch-hunt, to weed out those they believed to be causing trouble in the small town of Aberdeen, Scotland. Their primary target. Rumors of the netorious ‘Aberdeen Thirteen,’ spawned tales of women who met in covens, and were responsible for using witchcraft to do everything from leading men into adultery, turning the towns milk supply sour, to hanging out with the devil himself.

It is said that King James I, after experiencing rough seas on a voyage from Oslo, Norway and had heard news of a witch-hunt in Denmark, and decided to start his own investigation. Subsequently, 23 women and 1 man were burned at the stake during the tribunal. Most notably, Agnes Sampson, who was ordered to death by the King himself. Her crime? Using sorcery to create storms. Jane Wishart was accused of using black magic to commit two murders, as well as the crime of stealing body parts from corpses.

8. Joan of Arc

When people think of Joan of Arc, they think about the courageous French teenager who led her resistance armies to numerous victories during the time of the of the Hundred Year War. Now, considered the Patron Saint of France, many forget that she was burned at the stake at the age of 19 for the crime of witchcraft and heresy.

She was brilliant in her battles, but was eventually captured by the east German tribe of Burgundians, who were British allies. While in prison, she was deemed ‘abnormal,’ due to her odd behavior and appearance, which they claimed to be ‘unfeminine,’ and the fact the she claimed to have direct contact with God.

7.The Val Camonica Witch Burnings

One of the most notorious witch-hunts took place in Val Camonica, Italy during the early part of the 16^th century. Society had been under the influence of a so-called ‘ban on paganism,’ due to increasing weakness in Christianity. In 1505, Inquisitor Anton de Brescia became suspicious of the practice of witchcraft and sorcery in the Venetian Senate. After a trial, he convicted, and burned at the stake, seven women and one man. Another trial in 1510 resulted in the deaths of 64 presumed witches, who admitted to acts of violence, using the power of Satan.

In 1518, 60 people were convicted and burned at the stake for using powder provided by Satan himself to unleash a wave of sickness, a plague that caused the death of more than 200 people. In the years to follow, Christianity continued to weaken, and to this day, Val Camonica is a hotbed of occult and pagan practices.

6. Fulda Witch Trials

The witch trials of Fulda, Germany between 1603 and 1606 are considered one of the largest mass executions to take place during the time period. In the end, more than 200 people would be burned alive at the stake.

It began when the Prince Bishop, Balthasar von Dernbach began what he called a’re-catholicizing’ of the district in which he oversaw. What he saw did not please him, and he ordered the trials and executions of hundreds, convicting them of sorcery, witchcraft, and anything else he deemed inappropriate. No one questioned the authority of the Prince Bishop, and the trials ended shortly after his death in 1606.

5. The Wurzberg Witch Trial

The trials in Germany are a notable event during the 17^th century. Hysteria had run rampant through the towns of Eichstatt, Mainz, and Bambia in south Germany. The trials in Wurzburg, commanded by Prince Bishop Wurzberg himself, commenced in 1626. It is said that more than 900 woman, men and children were burned at the stake, up until the end of the trials in 1631.

It was paranoia, as well as the influence of other European districts, that drove the Prince Bishop to arrest, convict and execute so many people. The difference between the Wurzberg trials and that of the rest of Europe is that here, they was no class discrimination. Rich, poor, old, young, it didn’t matter here, as a simple accusation would lead to arrest and execution of someone as a witch. Even council leaders were not immune to allegations and arrest. Many of those who were charged and executed were vagrants passing through town.

Charges ranged from using witchcraft for murder to humming a tune with the devil. When the King of Sweden took over power in 1631, the trials ended. Around the same time period, similar trials took place in nearby Bramburg, resulting in more than 300 people burnt at the stake.

4. The Witch Hunts of Africa

The frightening reality is the witch-hunts and burnings are still common among some sub-Saharan regions of Africa. The modern practice is said to have begun again in 1935 with a group of people known as the Bamucupi, who dressed in European garb, who identified witches using a mirror. This led to the slaughter of scores of people, as the group blamed these ‘witches’ for famines and plagues that have wreaked havoc on the area.

Unfortunately, the trend still continues today. In the last decade, thousands of people in Africa have been ‘arrested,’ tried and executed by public burning at the stake for practicing black magic and sorcery. Some of the countries still experiencing these phenomena are the African country of Kenya, The Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Ghana, Zambia and others.

While peacekeeping effort is mostly focused on the bloodshed caused by civil, and have turned a blind eye to the witch-hunts, which are killing and displacing thousands. Convictions for the use of black magic still exist in such areas as parts of the Middle East and Papua New Guinea, though the punishment due is not death, but merely imprisonment.

3. Catherine Monvoisin

In history she is known simply as ‘La Voisin.‘ An unrecognizable French woman initially, though she would go down in the records as a notable witch burned at the stake. In the mid-1600′s, Monvoisin was a jewelers wife, who had practiced the art of fortune telling since the age of nine. When her husband’s business folded, she began again practicing full-time. It was during this period also that she began practicing medicine, specifically midwifery, often times performing abortion procedures.

As time went on, she began to tap more and more into the sense that she claimed was a ‘gift from God.’ She concocted ‘love potions’, which were made from the bones of toads, iron fillings, teeth of moles, Spanish flies and human blood. It was also at this time that she began concocting poisons, which was becoming a valuable trade during this time of the century.

After an inquisition into supernatural affairs in the area, an inquisition was made where three confessed, and provided information into the activities of ‘La Voisin’ She was arrested and charged with witchcraft, along with her daughter. Marguerite. She was burned at the stake in Place de Grieve, near Paris.

2. Maggie Wall

During the 16^th and 17^th century, more than 4,000 women were executed for witchcraft in Scotland. Maggie Wall is of interest, due to the stone monument that stands over, in memorial of a fallen witch, and the mystery that surrounds her death. Though some have tried to piece together the history involving the witch burning in Scotland, specifically the one regarding Maggie Wall. One of the biggest mysteries is the Christian cross that sits on top of the 20′ high monument. Such symbols are not traditional on monuments and memorials for convicted and executed witches.

Some say it was during this time, there was an uprising in the church from female members of the congregation. Women who were fed up with the tight regulations formed an uprising, and in some cases brutally beat the ministers. Also during this time in Dunning, there was a known warlock, who was known for sorcery and performing black mass rituals. Some say, it was one of these occurrence in 1679, that Maggie Wall was burned at the stake. Was she an accomplice to the warlock? Or was she one of the female retaliatory mobs, set on the destruction of the Christian establishment? Locals and historians have different version, but the monument on the side of the road in Dunning, Scotland knows the truth.

1. Angela de la Berthe

Angelea de la Berthe was a rich woman who lived on the outskirts of a small town in France called Toulouse. For undocumented reasons (the town has no records of the conviction or execution), she become one of the very first women to be burned at the stake during Europe’s infamous witch hunts and persecutions.

In 1275, she faced a judge, and was condemned for having sexual relations with the Devil, and for giving birth to his son, a flesh-eating monster who ate babies. Local townspeople were horrified at the accusations and she was publicly burned at the stake.

Next to the Holocaust, witch-hunts are responsible for some of the most senseless murders in the history of crime and punishment. Fear of losing control led people to commit horrendous crimes all over Europe, and even today in some areas of Africa.

The Salem Witch trial is a dark reminder from European history of the intolerance that has raged through society for hundreds of years. To say we are immune from it now is irresponsible. Hate and fear still cause more problems in today’s society that any behavior, only in some areas it is confined to the home, resulting in domestic complications.

Confronting fear has helped to shape our world, whether for the good or the bad. Accepting differences between individuals and groups can resolve a lot of the aggression in our world. What we have learned from witch burnings is what we should all carry with us today. Imperfection is standard, and everyone lives and practices differently. One posting on a discussion board simply read, ‘nothing has been accomplished by burning people.” Food for thought.

It stands to reason that there would have been insects buzzing around the head of Tyrannosaurus Rex, antagonizing  the massive creature because it couldn’t reach them with its short fore limbs. By the nature of the carnivorous lifestyle, it is reasonable to expect that bugs would have found their way to the odd carcass. So rather than looking at the mammoth skeletons of … mammoths, let’s turn our attention to the top ten ancient insects to infest the planet counting from ten down to one.

10. Eobelinae

The Eobelinae were a family of beetles that are often described as “prehistoric weevils”. They were recognizable as having long bodies that were distinctively flat, but even more distinctive were the rostrum. This snout was longer than the head and the first part of the thorax combined making it notable in comparison to the length of the insect as a whole.

Being found in Central Asia, Brazil and Spain in the period between 100 and 161 million years ago, the Eobelinae died out during the early Cretaceous period having lived through the late Jurassic period. The reason for their extinction is unknown, but it is worth noting that their descendants are still common in parts of the Pacific, Australasia and South-East Asia, as well as South and Central America.

In addition to the rostrum, Eobelinae was also recognizable by the bulge in the forehead and the spurs on the tibia of its middle and hind legs. They lived on the wood and fruits of diseased or dying plants or on deadwood, with healthy plants less important as food.

Growing to an average length of six millimeters, these insects were able to survive predators and disease for over sixty million years and have earned themselves a place in the top ten.

9. Prodryas persephone

There is no indication that the world was a drab or dull place one hundred and thirty million years ago, but it must have brightened significantly with the coming of flowering plants. The angiosperms, as they are correctly named, brought with them the most colorful and delightful of the ancient insects, the butterfly.

Prodryas persephone was the earliest butterfly fossil discovered in North America and places the butterfly between forty and fifty million years ago. But even earlier fossils can trace the origins of the animals back to the Cretaceous period. These butterflies were closely linked with the angiosperms and, while not looking to start a chicken and egg argument, there is conjecture that the flowering plants were the product of the butterflies’ pollination efforts.

In appearance the fossilized butterfly is of little note, having a wing length of twenty-four and a half centimeters (1 inch). But the beauty of this insect is not in the size of the creature, but in the inherent fact that the process of pollination began and worked well to encourage the growth of flowering plants that would evolve into fruits and vegetables.

8. Rhyniognatha

Among the earliest ecosystems to be found on land, the Rhyniognatha occupies a special role. It is believed to have lived four hundred and thirty-four million years ago and is the oldest insect ever to be discovered.

The fossil of the Rhyniognatha was found in sandstone which is believed to be the product of extreme hot spring and geyser action. Silica dissolved in the boiling water was spewed out across a wide area and as the water cooled the silica crystalized. In doing so, it encased the ancient insect and formed a three dimensional cast that was hardened under millions of years of sedimentary pressure.

A particularly astounding feature of the Rhyniognatha is the fact that it had wings. This suggests that the earliest of all insects was engaged in flight which, until this discovery was made, wasn’t believed to have occurred for conservatively another seventy million years.

While there have been bigger and more spectacular insects throughout the history of the planet, the emergence of the Rhyniognatha is the beginning of insect life.

7. Archimylacris eggintoni – Cockroaches

Many perceptions of cockroaches exist, most regarding their indestructibility. So it is probably not surprising that the ancient specimen of cockroaches, Archimylacris eggintoni, is not remarkably different in size than its contemporary descendant.

Scuttling around the floor of Carboniferous forests from three hundred to three hundred and sixty million years ago, the Archimylacris eggintoni was between two and nine centimeters (¾ and 3½ inches) in length and up to four centimeters (1½ inches) in width. It’s believed to have had wings and therefore could probably fly, although the lack of limbs on the fossils discovered has made it difficult to be confident of these facts.

However, through computer modeling, it has been determined that the legs of the Archimylacris eggintoni had sticky structures called euplantulae. This made it possible for the insect to climb on smooth surfaces and allow them to lay their eggs well above ground level. Claws on the base of the leg also assisted in climbing rough surfaces, so it could safety up above predators.

Perhaps the most significant fact in discussing the cockroaches is the lack of change over the past three hundred million years. Where other species have grown bigger or smaller or moved from the sea to the land, Archimylacris eggintoni has barely changed anything but its name. Maybe that consistency is the basis of the indestructible cockroach fallacy.

6. Trigona Prisca – Bees

Bees are one of the most important contributors to their ecosystem as they assist with the pollination of flowering seed plants. This is not a new role. In fact, they have been participating in the evolution of these angiosperms since as far back as about ninety million years ago.

The fossils that have been studied from this time have been notable in that they have shown that the earliest bees had no stinger. The evolution of this defensive feature probably says something about the emergence of predators and the desire to protect the hive.

Remarkably, examinations of the oldest fossils of bees have shown them to be worker bees. The significance of this discovery is that a social order had already been established and the bees discovered were fulfilling a role for the good of the hive.

5. Palaeodictyopteroidea

The size and ferocity of creatures from the Carboniferous period make it reasonably understandable to expect that most of them were carnivorous. Even insects were carnivores, which is why the Palaeodictyopteroidea were a notable group. These were among the first, if not the first of the herbivore insects to come to light.

Equipped with a beak, these insects had a wing formation similar to a dragonfly or meganeura, although, across the broad range of the family, the wingspan could be between twenty and four hundred millimeters (¾ to 16 inches). The diversity of the grouping has led to it being a classification for up to fifty per cent of the insects of the Paleozoic era.

The beak formation of the mouth of the Palaeodictyopteroidea was made up of a number of intricate parts including a lower and upper jaw, a series of tubular arrangements of the throat and a “mouth-like” covering.

Described as a “leaf- hopper”, the Palaeodictyopteroidea was the ancestor of a range of tiny creatures that make up a huge proportion of the insect world today.

4. Katydid

A fossil is largely a physical representation of an organism from the past. Whether it is an imprint left in the rock after the original specimen has decayed and dissipated or a specimen preserved in amber, it is something to be viewed and subjected to hypothesis. So when a fossil carries with it a soundtrack, then it becomes something special, as in the case of the Katydid.

As a nocturnal ancestor to the common cricket or grasshopper, the one hundred and sixty-five million year old insect has a place in the development of the species. But through examination of the wings a row of serrated teeth, the file, was discovered on one wing and a scraper was observed on the other wing. When the file was drawn across the scraper it produced an effect similar to that of a guitar pick strumming the strings of the instrument.

So, by rubbing the wings together, the Katydid was able to create a sound that can even be reproduced today. The purpose of the sound could be many-fold, but researchers are most confident with the idea that it formed a significant part of a mating ritual.

With the romantic vision of a Jurassic insect serenading its new love in one of the first evidence-based theories of natural music, there may be great interest in wondering what that Katydid next.

3. Meganeura – Dragonfly

One of the more spectacular of ancient insects is the Meganeura, which was, in many respects, identical to its dragonfly descendant of today. The only major difference was that the Meganeura had a wingspan of up to seventy-five centimeters (30 inches) making it the largest flying insect ever recorded.

The Meganeura lived around three hundred million years ago in the Carboniferous forests. A carnivore, it fed on smaller flying insects, small amphibians and, of course, other Meganeura. The absence of any significant predators, especially as flying vertebrates were still some time away, is provided as one of or part of the theory for their exceptional size.

Another theory, or a contributing one, is the high level of oxygen in the atmosphere, which is related to many explanations of gigantism in creatures from around this time. This seems to have some basis as the evolution of the insects to their current size suggests that the larger structural demands on wings and legs would have been impossible to maintain with less oxygen-rich air and simply an enlarged version of the current circulatory system.

Evidence of a smaller, but still impressive, member of the same family, the Meganeuridae, was found in France. Although its wingspan only extended to forty-five centimeters (17 inches), it is still looked upon wistfully by the puny dragonflies of present day.

2. Arthropleura – Centipede

The higher level of oxygen in the atmosphere around three hundred million years ago led to the survival of some creatures that were many times bigger than their present day relatives. The arthropleura was a significant example of this growing to more than two meters (6.5 feet) in length. Such a size may not have been surprising if not for the fact that an arthropleura was an ancestor to the centipede.

The largest invertebrate known to man, the arthropleura was believed to have poor eyesight, but exceptional senses of touch and smell. This would explain their choice of habitat, the Carboniferous forests of North America and Britain.

One of the first plant eating animals, the arthropleura was carnivorous early in its life until its digestive system developed the ability to eat vegetable matter. Despite the many predators that it had, this giant insect was well protected by an almost armor like shell and strong jaws.

1. Pterygotid Eurypterid – Sea Scorpion

The scorpion of about four hundred million years ago was not the small and lethal bug that we find today under rocks. The ancestors of these fascinating and mildly dangerous creatures were found in the sea and probably found more easily than their modern day counterparts as they were estimated to be between two and two and a half meters (6 to 8 feet) in length.

With claws a little under half a meter (18 inches) long and an armor-like shell, these marine monsters had little to fear and hung about for around twenty-seven million years. Their only real predators were exceptionally big fish, which weren’t uncommon, and each other. In fact, their cannibalistic tendencies were probably their greatest danger and placed them at the top of an unusual food chain.

The size of the Sea Scorpion is often explained in terms of the higher level of oxygen in the atmosphere at this time and the lesser effect of gravity in water. As bigger fish become more of a problem, the theory stands that the sea scorpions grew tired of the endless battle for survival and began to find sanctuary ashore. Over time, the oxygen levels decreased and the larger, less efficient circulatory system of these giants, and many others of the same time, was unable to sustain the size of the creature. This led to the evolution of the more compact, but just as grumpy, relatives that we meet today.

Since the emergence of the first ecosystem insects have played a major role in the development of life. They have responded to changes in food sources, atmosphere and environment. Their adaptability has seen them shrink dramatically and even leave the sea to establish life on land. They were the first animals to fly.

Whether the first recorded insect is seen as the most significant, the largest scorpion ever known was the most important or the first butterfly was essential to our discovery of color, there can be no doubt that the most populace classification of animals on the planet demand consideration and respect.

Many gansters had wives or girlfriends. Most times, these women became permanent fixtures in the lives of these kingpins and criminal lords. Whether they were legally married or simply shacking up, they earned the title of being their partner’s girlfiend or wife. With the title comes the respect that is fit for a queen.

10. Andrea Giovino

This mother of 4 would not even give thought to the idea of going into Witness Protection, even though she knew there was a contract on her life. In 1992, Andrea Giovino was indicted along with her “husband” and brother on drug charges. As a favor, in return for her co-defendant’s co-operation, she was simply relocated.

Andrea became romantically involved with Frank Lino but the two were never legally married. She lived a wonderful life with him and he was a great father to her children; they had none together. When Lino was incarcerated, Andrea claims that she had to take the reigns and become a mobster herself. Many people question some of her stories and she is often referred to as a mob groupie. This is mostly because she was an attorney, who knew nothing about mob life until her divorced lover taught her everything she needed to know.

9. Maria Victoria Henoa

Columbian drug lord, Pablo Emilio Escobar Gaviria, was a very efficient criminal. He was able to elude authorities for a long time, as he built his riches from his cocaine empire. During his time as a criminal, he acquired many homes, cars and airplanes.  In the latter part of the 1980’s, he even tried his hand at politics in Columbia.

In the spring of 1976, 26 year old Escobar married Maria Victoria; she was 11 years his junior. She lived a good life with her husband and two children. By 1989, Forbes had listed the man’s worth at $24 billion. Still, her husband was a criminal and found himself fleeing constantly to elude capture. He lived many years away from his family but close enough to always know what was going on. Ever the loyal wife, she aided her husband in remaining hidden. That is, until authorities caught on.

Unable to flee Columbia, and under constant surveillance and guard,  the wife of the ruthless killer was under pressure. Informed that she would soon be left alone if her husband didn’t surrender, she asked authorities to give him more time. Escobar didn’t surrender; he had to be found. Unfortunately, he was also killed in December of 1993, by Columbian National Police.

After her husband’s death, Maria Victoria Henoa attempted to start a real estate company. Upon finding out her true identity, her accountant tried to blackmail her. When she tried to report it, she was forced to reveal her identity and ties to Pablo Escobar.  Subsequently, she was detained and imprisoned for 1 ½ years on money laundering charges.

8. Virginia Hill

Virginia Hill was a courier for an organized crime outfit that was stationed in Chicago. However, she is known more for her role as the girlfriend of Genovese Crime family mobster, Bugsy Siegel. In 1951, Hill was subpoenaed to testify in court, before a committee that was specially put together to investigate the underworld movements of the mob. She denied being aware of any organized crime. She also told investigators that she maintained her lifestyle with gifts that her many boyfriends gave her because of her sexual abilities.

Virginia left for Europe when she was charged with tax evasion. She remained there until the time of her suspicious death in 1966. It was believed that she had committed suicide, by taking sleeping pills. However, her body was found near a stream, just two days after she met with a former lover. That old lover was Joe Adonis; one-time Genovese family boss. Adonis swore that he had two of his bodyguards escort the woman home. She never made it. Many believed that she tried to use what she knew about the Italian Mafia to swindle money from the man.

7. Mayme Hatcher Johnson

Mayme Hatcher was born in North Carolina in 1914. At the age of 24, she moved to NYC and got a job as a waitress. Ten years after her arrival in the city, she met and married Ellsworth “Bumpy” Johnson. As the wife of one of Harlem’s most infamous gangster’s, Mayme was treated with the utmost respect anywhere she went. Her husband spoiled her with the finest things that money could by. However, there was a downside. There were women all over the city who wanted Bumpy for them self, she was constantly accosted by them.

Mayme never took part in any of her husband’s criminal activities. By all reports, she was as classy as they came. She carried herself with respect and never let her husband’s life interfere with hers. However, she stood by him; even when his criminal life had him arrested over 40 times and sentenced to 10 years in Alcatraz.

Mayme Thatcher Johnson passed away in 2009, at the age of 94. Just a year prior to her death, she finished the biography about her husband that she had wanted to put out for most of her life. She refused to leave the world without people knowing who her husband truly was.

6. Linda Schiro (Scarpa)

Linda is the wife of notorious former mob boss, Gregory Scarpa, better known as the “Grim Reaper” and “The Mad Hatter”.  Scarpa was given his nickname by his peers when it became evident that he was one of the most feared hit-men in the city’s organized crime network.  He was also the primary enforcer for Carmine Persico, head of the Colombo family.

Known as Big Linda, since her daughter bears the same name, Linda Schiro began seeing Scarpa at the age of 17. So, she spent the majority of her life in high style and class. Having all of the best things that money could afford. In her 30 years with her lover, she had become accustomed to dinner and diamonds. But all good things come to an end.

Scarpa died in prison in 1994, of Aids. Big Linda is now reduced to living in a rented apartment and living hand to mouth. Her husband’s fall from grace with the mob, which led to a 7 month war between families, has left her destitute. No one ever figured out what happened to the millions that the Grim Reaper earned over the years. All that remains is evidence that a life that once was filled with ill-gotten gains has paid the ultimate price, with poverty.

5. Julie Lucas

Renowned gangster, Frank Lucas was a country boy from North Carolina, who turned Harlem into a heroin haven. As a drug dealer and organized crime boss, he turned the African American dream neighborhood into a nightmare throughout the 60’s and 70’s. Still, behind every bad boy, is a bad girl.

Julianna Farrait was a young Puerto Rican homecoming queen. She fell in love with the local heroine king and soon became his wife in 1972. The two shared a lavish lifestyle, full of expensive gifts, Mercedes Benzes and diamonds. Julie’s loyalty to her husband became evident when she spent five years in prison for the part she played in Frank’s criminal activities. Upon her release from prison, the two separated. However, there was reconciliation in 2006. The couple has been married for more than 4 decades.

They say that old habits are hard to break and it was proven in 2010 when 70 year old Farrait was arrested in San Juan, Puerto Rico. She allegedly attempted to sell 2 kilograms of cocaine to a police informant. Federal agents from New York had been keeping an eye on the gangster’s wife for nearly a year.

4. Victoria Gotti

This blond beauty is a double edged sword. She was born and married to the mob; as the daughter of John Gotti and wife of Carmine Agnello. Carmine was a member of the Gambino crime family and he ran a scrap metal business. The two lovebirds first got together in the 1970’s.

The Gotti name is infamous and her father was one of the most feared mob bosses in the country. Her husband wasn’t a slouch in the world of tough guys either. However, Victoria raised some eyebrows after the death of her 12 year old son, Frank. In the spring of 1980, Frank Gotti was struck by a car and killed while he was riding a mini-bike, not too far away from his home. Unfortunately, the driver of the car was back fence neighbor, John Favara.

The grief stricken mother asked for an eye for an eye and the local police were warned that he was to be “terminated”. After seeking advice from a mob friend, Favara was told he should unload his house and leave town. That summer, Victoria and her father went to Florida on vacation. During their absence, John Favara had disappeared. He was eventually declared legally dead.

3. Mary Evelyn “Billie” Frechette

Mary Evelyn Frechette, also known as Billie, met John Dillinger in 1933. She experienced her first taste of her boyfriend’s criminal life that same year. As the couple was leaving a Chicago doctor’s office, a shootout ensued. Later that year, Dillinger’s buddy killed a police sergeant; forcing the gang to leave the city. Evelyn left with them and traveled through Florida, to Arizona; where they were both arrested. Evelyn was released because she couldn’t be identified under the alias she used. Evelyn was present during many of the crimes committed by the man declared Public Enemy #1; including the ST. Paul shootout that took place after his escape from jail.

Billie was arrested for harboring the fugitive. Dillinger watched her arrest from a about a block away.  She was sentenced to 24 months in federal prison; she served two years and a day. After her release, she traveled with John’s family and told stories of her life. She would later settle down again and live the rest of her days out on the Indian Reservation on which she was born.

2. Helen Gillis

Lester “Baby Face Nelson” married Helen Gillis in 1928. Throughout the duration of their marriage, she would never use her husband’s last name, but she did embark on a life of crime with him. In 1934, the couple became part of the infamous Dillinger gang. Together, they took part in bank robberies and crimes across the country.

It was in the spring of that same year that FBI agents tracked the gang to the Little Bohemia Lodge, Wisconsin. Although they were surrounded, the men got away, leaving the women who were traveling with them behind; including Gillis. In November 1934, Lester Gillis was fatally wounded in a shootout with FBI agents; who also resulted in the death of the agents. Loyal to the man that she shared a life of crime with, Helen refused to leave his body behind. She took it with her and an associate, as they left the scene of the shootout. He died in his wife’s arms.

Two days after the naked body of Lester “Baby Face” Nelson was found in a ditch, near a cemetery, Helen Gillis turned herself in. She was sentenced to one year and a day at the Women’s Federal Reformatory in Michigan.

1. Bonnie Parker

Bonnie Elizabeth Parker is the female half of the outlaw duo, Bonnie and Clyde. The couple was made infamous by their criminal activities across the United States between 1931 and 1934.

Bonnie met Clyde Barrow in 1929, at the age of 19; a year after her three year marriage had fallen apart. They instantly fell in love. Bonnie joined her new beau and his gang on the road. As a criminal organization, they robbed banks, general stores and of course, there were murders. The gang, including Bonnie, became some of the country’s most wanted criminals. Ironically, there have been stories told by victims of the gang about how polite and caring the criminals were.

Bonnie made history with her lover. They were known around the world. It seemed they did everything together. It would only be natural that they die together, as well.  On May 23^rd, 1934, the car carrying Bonnie and Clyde was ambushed on a Louisiana Road. They died in a hail of 130 rounds.

As you can see, even the most ruthless men had love in their lives. Some of them lived, committed crimes and died together. Some left their women behind, in an effort to protect them. Some left their loves behind after they paid with their lives.

These women loved their criminal minded men. They knew them in ways that no one else did; which is probably why they could love them as no one else could. Love has the power to make even the hardest and coldest man, go totally soft.

10. Heloise

Heloise was born in 1101 in France.  She was the ward of her uncle, Abbot Fulbert, the Canon of Notre Dame.  Her uncle oversaw her education and was quite intent on having the best education money could buy.  Her education started at the Convent of Saint Mary in Argenteuil, then on to Paris where she studied philosophy, theology, and literature.  She then became the pupil of Peter Abelard.  He was a professor at the University of Paris who took board at Abbot Fulbert’s home in order to focus solely on tutoring Heloise.  Peter and Heloise began an affair in her home.  Being that Peter was sworn to celibacy as a professor, this was strictly forbidden.  Her uncle eventually found out and forced the two apart, though they would later flee off into the countryside together.

Heloise’s legacy comes from the love affair with Peter Abelard and the letters written to him even through the turmoil they faced.  They wed and bore a son in secrecy, but were forced apart again when they were finally discovered.  Peter was brutally attacked and forced to become a monk. Heloise chose to take her vows as a nun and gave their son up.  Though they never saw each other again, they continued writing the beautiful love letters that would be chronicled and sung about for ages to come.

Her career included philosopher, medieval scholar, Prioress at the Convent of Saint Mary in Argenteuil and Abbess of Paraclete in 1129.  She was laid to rest on May 15, 1164.

9. Hrotsvitha of Gandersheim

Hrotsvitha was born in the 10th century in what is now known as Lower Saxony.  She was of German nobility and was made a canoness at the Benedictine Abbey of Gandersheim.  She was considered a poet and a dramatist and by most, she was thought to have been the first person since antiquity to compose drama strictly in Latin.

She was well educated, and studied under another well-educated woman by the name of Gerberg.  It was actually Gerberg’s brother that influenced one of Hrotsvitha’s works which was based on the coronation of Empower Otto in 962, entitled Carmen de Gestis Oddonis Imperatoris.

Her works were part of the Ottonian Renaissance.  Here’s a list of her workings:

Ascensio, Gangolf, Pelagius, Theophilus, Basilius, Dionysius, Agnes, Maria

Gallicanus, Dulcitius, Callimachus, Abraham, Pafnutius, Sapientia

Gesta Ottonis (a history of the Ottonian houses 919-965), Primordia coenobii Gandeshemensis (a history of her order from 846-919).

The first set of workings make up The Book of Legend, the second make up The Book of Drama, and the last two are historical writings in Latin Hexameters.

Her workings are so popular in Europe that there is even an award name after her, the Roswitha Prize (Roswitha being one of the names she was known by).

Women like her are few and far in between throughout our history, at least that have been recognized.  Though little is known of her life other than her workings, those alone have made her a very large influence on writings throughout history.

8. Anna of Byzantium

Anna Comnena was born on December 2, 1083 to the emperor Alexius I Comnenus.  She was also known as Anna of Byzantium.  She was a recognized historian for her documentary of her father’s life and reign.  She was alledged to have been the first female historian recorded.

Though she never went beyond the palace walls, she pursued knowledge with vigor her studies included subjects such as, literature, philosophy, history, and geography.  She was betrothed to Constantine Ducas, her mother’s cousin; however he died before it ever took place.  She eventually married Nicephorus Bryennius in 1097.

She and her mother, Empress Irene, had tried unsuccessfully many times to persuade her father to disown her brother, John II Comnenus, who was heir to the throne.  When those attempts failed, they turned to Anna’s husband and asked for his help in overthrowing her brother.  Instead, he went to John II Comnenus and informed him of their intentions.  Once he had officially taken the throne, he cast them all out of the court.  Anna and her mother lived out the rest of their days in a convent after the death of Anna’s husband.

Though she died in 1153 stripped of her former life, her book “Alexiad” has been used as a valuable source of a pro-Byzantine account of the early Crusades.

7. Lady Murasaki

Lady Murasaki was born in Japan and is considered throughout history to be the world’s finest and earliest modern novelists.

She was the daughter of the governor of their province and proved to be better at her studies than her brother. This caused her father great distress at which time he was known to have proclaimed: “If only you were a boy, how happy I should be!”  Even though he had reservations, he still allowed her to continue her studies.  Part of her studies included some of the Chinese classics, which were considered to be improper for females to study at the time.

She was married off to a distant relative when she was in her early twenties.  They had a daughter, but her husband died soon after.  Learning of her brilliance and writing skills, she was called to join the imperial court.

Although she may have begun to write The Tale of the Genji before her time in the court, the majority was written while there and loosely based on her time as a lady in waiting to Empress Akiko.

Her story has been translated many times into hundreds of languages, and although the original was eventually lost over time, the tale of “The Shining Prince” has become legendary.

Other than her time in the royal court there is little known about the life of Murasaki.  She has more than earned her place as a well-established and influential woman of the ages.

6. Empress Matilda (Queen Maud)

Empress Matilda was born daughter and heir to King Henry I of England, and granddaughter of William the Conqueror.  She had only one other sibling but he would die before he could ever take the throne. Though she did occupy the throne, it was only for a period of a few months, and unfortunately she has been left out of most accounts of rulers.  Her cousin, Stephen, took the throne and actually is claimed to have ruled even during her brief time on the throne.  The battle with her cousin caused civil unrest that has been called at time “The Anarchy”.

When she was twelve, in 1114, she was married to Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor.  They never had any surviving children, so after his death in 1125, she returned to England.  Soon after her return, King Henry I arranged another marriage in order to keep peace between Normandy and Anjou.  She was wed in 1128 at the age of twenty-six to Geoffrey of Anjou, then only fourteen.

Her marriage to Geoffrey was very troubled, but even so, she managed and bore him three sons, Henry, Geoffrey, Count of Nantes, and William X, Count of Poitou.  She ended up surviving her second husband as well, his death being in 1151.

Though the civil war created by the feud between Stephen and Matilda, due to his only son’s early death, Stephen eventually named Henry, Matilda’s son, king.  Matilda retired to Normandy where she held her own court, and acted as mediator between her three sons.  When she finally died in 1167 she was buried in the Abbey of Bec-Hellouin, Normandy. Her body was transferred to Rouen Cathedral in 1847 where her epitaph reads: “Great by Birth, Greater by Marriage, Greatest in her Offspring: Here lies Matilda, the daughter, wife, and mother of Henry.”

5. Amalasunith (Queen of the Goths)

Amalasunith was born in 495 and was the daughter of the Ostrogoth king, Theoderic.  Theoderic was known to rule more like a Roman emperor than in the traditional way of the Goths.  Amalasunith was married in 515 to Eutharic, an Ostrogoth nobleman.  They had one son, Athalaric and a daughter, Metasuntha.

Eutharic died at an early age, leaving Amalasunith a widow raising the children on her own.  She made sure they had a good Roman education, emphasizing law, rhetoric, and the humanities. When her son was named as successor to the throne in 526, the gothic community did not take kindly to this.  They would not be ruled by someone who knew nothing of fighting and war; only of reading and writing.  To appease them, Amalasunith allowed Athalaric to befriend some of the rougher children, believing he would pick up enough of their behavior and put him in good graces with those against him ruling.  Instead, he learned only of drinking and womanizing.  He died in 534 leaving Amalasunith as acting regent.  She knew that a woman would not be accepted as ruler, so she contacted her estranged cousin, Theodahad, to share the throne.  He agreed to rule as she did and was allowed to join her.

Unfortunately, Theodahad had a grudge against her, and almost immediately after taking the throne, imprisoned her in the island of Martana in the Tuscan lake of Bolsena.  Unbeknownst to Theodahad, Amalasunith had long ago made an agreement with the Eastern emperor, Justinian.  He would come to her aid should anyone confine or kill her.  Theodahad sealed his fate when Amalasunith was murdered in 535.  The ensuing battle lasted for fifteen years and ended the Ostrogoth era.

4. Olga of Russia

Olga was born in 879 to Oleg Veshchy, the founder of the Kieven Rus state.  They were thought to have been of Viking origins.  Her father initiated the marriage between Olga and Prince Igor, son of the Novgorod Prince Rurik, a founder of the Rurik Dynasty of Russian tsars.  Igor took the throne upon Oleg’s death in 912.

In 945, Prince Igor visited the Drevlyans in order to collect tributes, however, after demanding more in payment, the Drevlyans killed him.  This is when the legend of Olga of Russia really began.

After her husband’s death, Olga assumed control of the throne since their son was only three at the time.  Amazingly enough, she had full support of the Rus army since she had earned their respect many years before.

The Drevlyans sent ambassaders to Olga, requesting of her to marry their Prince Mal.  She responded by immediately killing the ambassadors by burying them alive.  She sent word back to the Drevlyans and demanded they send better ambassadors.  When the next group arrived, she had them burned alive in the bathhouse.  Soon afterward, she visited the land of the Drevlyans, supposedly to have a memorial feast in honor of her dead husband.  When her enemies were drunk, she ordered them all killed.  It’s reported upwards of five thousand were slaughtered.

Her last act of vengeance against the Drevlyans was in 946 while visiting one of their towns, Iskorosten.  When they refused to pay their tributes, she asked for a gift instead of a dove from each household.  It’s reported she then affixed a piece of burning paper to each dove’s leg and sent them back to their homes, burning down the entire town.

Her son took over when he was of age, but still shared the throne with his mother until her death.  During his reign, Olga decided to embrace Christianity.  Many times, she beseeched the church, asking them to appoint an archbishop and priests to serve in her country but whether lore or not, for some reason they never would.  And even though her son did not agree with her choice in religion, he granted her wishes and gave her a proper burial upon her death.

In 1547 the Orthodox Church proclaimed Princess Olga a saint and equal-to-the-apostles. She became one of only five women to be honored with this status in the history of Christianity.

3. Lady Godiva

Lady Godiva was said to have been an 11^th century noblewoman.  She was wife to Leofric, Earl of Mercia, and bore him one child, Aelfgar, Earl of Mercia.  Both Godiva and her husband, Leofric, were said to have been extremely generous when donating to religious houses.  They would often sign over land, and give gifts of gold and lavish jewels to different churches.

The legend of Lady Godiva centers on her infamous ride through the streets of Coventry.  It was said that she was extremely opposed to the outrageous taxes her husband instilled upon the people.  She begged him many times to lower the taxes and take pity on the people.  Though generous to the church, he was otherwise of a greedy nature.  At one point he became tired of his wife’s pleas that he gave her the condition that should she strip naked and ride through the streets, he would lower the taxes.

She took him at his word and sent out the announcement that everyone was to evacuate the streets, stay indoors with shutters closed.  No one was to look upon her as she rode through.  She made her ride and her husband kept his promise and lowered the taxes, forever putting her in the good graces of the people.

This is also when, supposedly, another legend of the “Peeping Tom” occurred.  It was said that a villager by the name of Tom bore a hole in his shutter and was either struck blind or killed for looking at her naked body.

2. Joan of Arc

Joan of Arc, otherwise known as “The Maid of Orleans” was born in 1412 in eastern France.  She was nothing more than a mere peasant girl, but it would be her claims of visions and later her aid to the French army that would take her from the status of a peasant girl to that of both a savior and a saint.

Though she claimed to have always had visions of angels and saints speaking to her, it wasn’t until she was about twelve years old, when Joan says they began telling her she needed to go speak to Charles VII.  This was amidst the Hundred Year War between the English and the French.  She went several times to speak to a local Lord, but was sent back home each time.  When she finally made it before Charles, he listened to her tell of how the Lord wished Charles VII to be ruler and that if he would follow instruction given through her, he would win against the English.  He wanted to verify her information and sent her to be examined by a group of theologians.  They took three weeks, but declared her knowledgeable.

With her guidance and her leadership, the French succeeded in driving back the English, and Charles VII made it to the throne.  Unfortunately, during battle, Joan was taken by the English and brought back with them to England.  She was put on trial and charged with heresy, resulting in her being burned at the stake.  Nevertheless, she was later declared a saint by the church, joining the short list of women ever given that honor.

1. Eleanor Of Aquitaine

Eleanor of Aquitaine was a very powerful presence and extremely wealthy woman born into it during the Middle Ages.  At the age of fifteen, she was married off to Louis VII, making her Queen of France.  She had no intention of sitting behind while battles were being fought, so she knelt before in the cathedral of Vézelay before the celebrated Abbé Bernard of Clairvaux offering him thousands of her vassals for the Second Crusade.   The church was more than happy to take her offering, until they realized she and many other maidens were making their way to help with the wounded.

While helping during the Crusades, she crossed paths with a favorite uncle of hers.  He beseeched her to help him in his quest, while her husband, Loui was determined to make the trek all the way to Jeruselum.  Although a fool’s errand, Louis forced her to follow him, and both returned, defeated.

Back in France, she bore him three children, though all daughters.  When she asked for an annulment, Louis granted it, her lands returned to her, and her daughters remaining with him.  It wasn’t long after her marriage was dissolved that she became to Henry Plantagenet, Count of Anjou and Duke of Normandy who would later become King of England, and Eleanor, Queen.

She bore Henry eight children.  She was imprisoned between 1173 and 1189 for trying to help their son Henry overthrow her husband.  After he passed his successor, Richard the Lionhearted, immediately pardoned his mother.  She would live out the rest of her days as acting regent and outlived all but two of her children.

As you can clearly see by this list of influential women that even in the darkest times, women have played a persuasive and memorable role throughout the course of history.

10. Briana Loves Jenna

“Brianna Love Jenna” was directed by Jay Grdina, stars Jenna Jameson and Briana Banks and was released in 2001.  It was the first movie produced by Club Jenna and marked a return for Jameson to the big screen after a break of almost two years.

Plot:

Obviously it centers around the love affair of Briana and Jenna.  They end up having relationship problems, and although plot-wise this lacks a bit than others in the list, the cinematography makes up for it, which lands it on this list.  Jenna had, at this point, agreed only to do boy/girl if it involved her husband, Grdina, at the time, so the chemistry on set is unbeatable.  There’s a connection between Briana and Jenna right off the bat, and of course between Jenna and Grdina.  This, along with the cinematography, makes the film one of Jenna’s best ever.  It gets so steamy on set; you can’t help but get turned on.

9. Behind the Green Door

“Behind the Green Door” was directed by Artie Mitchell and Jim Mitchell, stars Marilyn Chambers and was released in 1972.  It can be credited to one of the three films Dirk Diggler is known for appearing in, and is part of the “Golden Age of Porn”.  The title is a reference to the 1956 hit song “The Green Door”.

Plot:

It begins with two truck drivers being asked to tell the story of the green door.  In it Gloria (played by Chambers) is kidnapped and taken to a “sex theatre” where’s she’s placed behind a thick curtain.  When the curtain rises, she’s forced to act out various sex acts with the people on stage while a masked audience looks on.  At one point, women in robes come out and begin molesting her.  The audience is so turned on; they begin having sex with each other.  The story ends with the truck driver saving Gloria, after which they end up making passionate love.

This movie is said to be the first to ever feature an interracial scene and even boasts a facial shot that lasts for seven minutes in slow motion

8. Space Nuts

“Space Nuts” was directed by Jonathon Morgan, stars Stormy Daniels and was released in 2003.  Obviously loosely based on the epic movie “Star Wars” mixed with a bit of “Star Trek”.  Touted as many as some of the best makeup and special effects put into an adult film.

Plot:

Princess Hubba Hubba has been given the task of defending the universe against Evil Overlord and his assistant, Darkwitch.  Princess Hubba Hubba’s only companions are Android Jeeves and Buzz StarFockker.  They have a very exciting, sex-filled adventure through the solar system before Princes Hubba Hubba gets kidnapped by Evil Overlord with the intention of marrying her and becoming heir to the Clitorian solar system.  Android Jeeves and Buzz StarFockker join forces to rescue her before it’s too late.  This is a complete parody, but one done very well.

7. Island Fever

“Island Fever” was directed by Joone, stars Tera Patrick and was released in 2001.  Though not exactly plot-oriented, the cinematography has been noted as being excellent making up for lack of dialogue.  Shot on location in Tahiti and Bora Bora, the exotic locations themselves will suck you in through every breath taking shot.

Plot:

The whole story surrounds three beautiful island goddesses, Tera Patrick, Brianna Banks, and Julie Ann.  They’ve enjoyed the island to themselves for some time, and are interrupted in their own pleasure making by two men who get stranded on their island and soon find themselves in over their heads with these sex craved immortals.  Each sex scene takes place in a different setting, allowing you to not only see the beauty that these islands have to offer, but also what the beauties have to offer in different scenery.  From waterfalls to deserts, forests to rocky mountains, these goddesses are up for a good, wet time no matter where the men travel to.  It’s not just lust, it’s purely island fever.

6. Dream Quest

“Dream Quest” was directed by Brad Armstrong, stars Jenna Jameson and was released in 2000.  This movie marked her twenty-fifth film of Jameson’s career.  It has been called a combination between “Legend” and “Labyrinth” and Jameson maintains an ethereal presence throughout the movie.

Plot:

Sarah is lying in bed one night with her cat pondering whether love really exists.  She suddenly finds herself pulled into another world by magical fairies.  They need her help to save fantasy from the evil Vladmir.  She finds herself a sudden extrovert when she encounters a three-some shortly after entering the realm.  She finds her way through a castle and into some woods where she finds herself involved in many sexual exploits before finally being captured by the evil Vladmir.  He forces her to become his wife, yet she somehow still manages to free fantasy, defeat Vladmir and make it back to her reality.  She comes back a changed woman and decides to show her boyfriend exactly what she’s learned while in the other realm.

Reviews were mixed as some touted this to be Jameson’s finest work and other’s thought it lacked a lot of content.  Either way, with the empire Jameson built for herself, it is still one of the most popular movies, not only of hers, but overall and does have a good plot.

5. Pirates

“Pirates” was directed by Joone, stars Jesse Jane and was released in 2005.  The movie references several times to the movie “Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl”.  The producer, Joone, was quoted as saying that this was the most expensive adult film of all time.

Plot:

The movie takes place is 1763 and opens with Captain Edward Reynolds on the hunt of pirates.  His only ally, though being the captain, is his first mate, Jules.  They end up picking up a woman lost at sea, Isabella, who tells them their ship was destroyed by the feared Captain Victor Stagnetti.  Reynolds takes after Stagnetti.  Stagnetti is on a hunt, himself, for a map that will lead to a secret island somewhere in the Caribbean.  Supposedly, this island holds a secret “staff” that Isabella’s father had unlocked.  Stagnetti becomes so desperate to find this, he summons up spawns of darkness.  His crew then turns on him, bent on escaping what he’s unleashed.  Oh, and there a bunch of sex mixed in with all the action.  Although the sex scenes are not the best, the plot line and acting are far better.

The New York Times described the film as “a relatively high-budget story of a group of ragtag sailors who go searching for a crew of evil pirates who have a plan for world domination. Also, many of the characters in the movie have sex with one another.”

4. Flashpoint

“Flashpoint” was directed by Brad Armstrong, stars Jenna Jameson and was released in 1998.  This is one of Jenna’s most favored features.  Though in the beginning of her career, she was simply known for her “skills”, by the time she made this particular film, she had already established herself as an actress (though primarily in adult films) as well.

Plot:

Jenna is introduced after an accident kills someone close to her.  She works as a firefighter and along with fellow firefighters attend the funeral of their friend.  Her boss hits on her, and though we find out later they used to have a “thing”, she turns him down and turns to one of her coworkers who ends up consoling her later at the firehouse.  The other firefighters hear the commotion and decide to console each other as well.  There’s a huge orgy scene (has been hailed as one of the best shot orgy scenes ever) that takes place on, in, and around one of the trucks.  Throughout the tireless sex scenes, Jenna is being investigated by the arson squad in connection with several fires after her nametag is found at a scene her company did not put out.  At one point, she’s helping put out a fire when she freezes up, later chalking it up to a flashback of when her sister drowned.  Her character is extremely complex, and a bit crazy, maybe?

3. The Devil in Miss Jones

“The Devil in Miss Jones” was directed by Gerard Damiano, stars Georgina Spelvin and was released in 1973.  Georgina Spelvin was considered fairly old for the industry when she made this film at the age of thirty-six, but that didn’t stop it from grossing over seven million in the box office.  This was also the third film Gerard Damiano directed, the others being “Deep Throat” and “Behind the Green Door”.

Plot:

Justine Jones is a lonely spinster who takes her own life due to loneliness.  Though she led a pure life, she committed suicide which left her trapped in Limbo.  She makes a deal with an angel named Mr. Abaca that will allow her entrance to Hell if she returns to earth as the embodiment of lust.

She learns the ways of passion and pain from someone name “The Teacher” and embarks on an escapade of sexual encounters.  Her time on earth comes to an end with a wild three-some after which she’s pulled back to Limbo.  Mr. Abaca promises her that her time in Hell will be “quite comfortable….”, however, she soon finds herself trapped in a room with an impotent and uninterested man who’s only focus is the imaginary flies.  She begs and begs him for sex, given her new-found lust for it, but soon realizes she’s doomed to an eternity of celibacy.

2. Debbie Does Dallas

“Debbie Does Dallas” was written by Jim Clark, stars Bambi Woods and was released in 1978.  It’s regarded as one of the most popular adult films of all time, next to “Deep Throat” and was released during what’s being called the “Golden Age of Porn”.  The team Bambi’s character is wanting to try out for is the Texas Cowgirls; Bambi had, in real life, tried out for and been rejected by the Dallas Cowboy Cheerleaders.

Plot:

A young cheerleader, Debbie Benton, is the head cheerleader at her high school when she’s accepted to try out for the Texas Cowgirls.  Unfortunately, her parents refuse to pay for the trip out there, so Debbie and her friends decide to get jobs and refuse sex with their boyfriends until the money is raised.  They form “Teen Services” and offer to do work around town.

Things don’t go as well as they’d hope and their boyfriends get a little tired of being turned down.  On a whim, Debbie makes a few bucks off of her boss for allowing him access to her breasts and convinces the other girls they should start earning the money by offering sexual favors.  Between sex-starved boyfriends, and a group of young, hot cheerleaders offering sex for money, the movie turns into one crazy sexual adventure.

1. Deep Throat

“Deep Throat” was directed by Gerard Damiano, stars Linda Lovelace and was released in 1972.  After its release, it was heralded by many prominent actors and actresses as well as several large newspapers.  The pseudonym “Deep Throat” was even given to an informant during the Watergate controversy.  It grossed between thirty and fifty million dollars in the box office.  It’s also widely known due to the appearance of the actor known as Dirk Diggler.

Plot:

A young woman, Linda (she plays herself, Linda Lovelace) is upset over never having experienced an orgasm.  She goes to her friend, Helen, to seek advice on how to achieve one, so Helen sets up a sex party, but nothing seems to help.  Linda then turns to a doctor who ends up discovering that her clitoris is actually located in her throat.  He proceeds to help her learn how to achieve climax by “deep throating” as part of her treatment.  She’s so overwhelmed and excited by this that she asks him to marry her.  He declines, but offers her a job as his secretary so she could try to find a husband by “deep throating” the male patients – the whole time the doctor is documenting all of her exploits and having sex with his with his nurse, Carol, while doing so.  The movie ends with: “The End. And Deep Throat to you all.”

Though the most popular, and undeniably the best written were the ones from the era where acting was actually required alongside the sex scenes, some of the directors in the last decade have been trying to bring back the storyline, as some are simply getting tired of meaningless sex… well, maybe not meaningless, but a good backstory always helps build the hype.

10. The Curse of the Crying Boy Portrait

In 1985, in a small mining town in Rotherham, England, the Hall family became victims of an uncontrollable house fire that left their home in ashes. The ground floor of the home was reduced to rubble, yet on item remained unscathed by the devastation of the house fire. There hanging unaffected by the blazing fire was a framed reprint of the crying boy portrait.

There have been several stories and alleged cases related to “The Crying Boy Portrait” suggesting that this was not the first time a home or building was ablaze, and the only object remaining was an untouched  portrait of the crying child.

The bizarre story caught the attention of “The Sun” a newspaper in the United Kingdom, the front page cover story read: “Blazing Curse of the Crying Boy”. And so the curse of The Crying Boy Portrait began, gaining attention throughout the United Kingdom as hundreds of the Giovanni Bragolin mass produced portrait were assembled and set on fire to authenticate the curse of the Crying Boy Portrait.  It has been whispered the only way to lift the curse is to reunite the Crying Boy and Crying Girl Portrait.

9. The Curse of The Koh-i-Noor Diamond

This fabulous 186-carat diamond has been surrounded by mystery and misfortune for hundreds of years, and according to legend, the “Mountain of Light” was stolen from the God Krishna. The first recorded history of the Koh-I Noor Diamond appears in Mogul records as part of spoils of war in 1304. Regrettably, when Delhi was overrun by the Persian Army, the Mogul emperor hid the magnificent diamond in his turban. The Persian Nadir Shah seized the turban and gave the diamond its name. It was acquired by the British East India Company after being in Persian possession for nearly 110 years. The curse has been associated with royal men, because misfortune and death seems to follow any royal male that has been in possession of the Koh-I Noor diamond.  Thankfully for the Queen of England, bad luck has not followed her, since the Koh-I Noor diamond has been in the coronation crown since 1911.

8. The Curse of The Croesus Treasure known as the “Lydian Hoard

The Lydian Hoard is a remarkable collection of artifacts, ancient jewelry, and relics from the time of King Croesus, ruler of the Lydian Kingdom between 560 and 547 B.C.

The alleged curse of the Croesus treasure began in 1965, when it was unearthed in the small village of Güre in the western province of Uşak. The treasure was discovered when five villagers found a tomb of an unknown princess who lived in the Lydian era. The villager’s ransacked the tomb, removing valuable jewels, and anything of value that had been buried with the Lydian princess. The looters continued to visit the area and in 1966, 150 relics were removed from the location; gold jewelry, silver, and even the wall paintings of the tombs were pilferage with hopes of the villagers obtaining vast wealth from selling the Croesus treasure, but instead of unimaginable wealth the villagers and their families have been scorned with misfortune, death, and so the legend of the Croesus Curse began.

7. The Curse of The Maori Warrior Masks

The Maori are a group of Polynesian people that are indigenous to New Zealand. They traveled to the land between 800 and 1350 AD in groups of 100, aboard 8 canoes that measured at 100 feet long. It’s said that the expedition was headed by a Polynesian chief who was aware of the amount of jade in New Zealand. The people settled in Te-Ika-a Maui, creating their own community. The name of the group, Maori, is simply translated to “human”.

The Maori tribe was one of warriors. Prior to going to battle, fighters would carve masks and statues. The spirit of any Maori man who lost his life in battle would overtake the specially carved pieces. However, the masks are believed to bring harm to women who are pregnant or menstruating.  Although no one can really say for sure if the curse is real or not, a New Zealand museum that was featuring an exhibition of Maori artifacts felt it necessary to warn the public. The museum posted a warning add, suggesting that any women that was pregnant or menstruating should enter at her own risk, better to be safe than sorry, no doubt.

6. The Curse of The Uluru Rock

This rock formation, located in central Australia is also known as Ayers Rock. It is one of two major features in the Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park. Sacred to a group of people known as the Anangu, Uluru Rock is also listed as a World Heritage site.

Anything sacred is not to be disturbed. This is also the case with removing rocks from Uluru. It is believed that those who do take rocks from Uluru will be cursed to suffer from illness and bad luck. Many have come to feel as though there is some merit to the ancient belief since there have been record of people who have taken rocks from the sacred location,  have been reported to be o mailing the stolen rocks back to various agencies in an effort to remove the curse.

5. The Curse of the Terracotta Army

Wang Puzhi, was one of a seven workers that, while digging a well on their farm in Yang village in 1974, stumbled across one of the most exciting archaeological discoveries of the twentieth century;  the 2,200-year-old Terracotta Army. The famous Terracotta Army brought wealth to many people throughout China, but unfortunately, the seven villagers that unearthed the magnificent Terracotta Army received nothing from the Chinese government for the historical find. The farmers have since been forced to relocate and have felt the impact, devastation, and misfortune of the glorious find.  The farmland was claimed by the Chinese government, the homes of the families that lived in the 2,000 year old village destroyed and demolished; the village is no longer there, just a memory to the villagers of what was once their home and livelihood. Three of the farmers, who uncovered the Army died. Wang Puzhi, died by his own hand and several others died having nothing to pass on to family members. Today, there are four of the seven original members that accidently came upon the Terracotta Army in 1974, they work at the gift shop selling souvenirs to tourists, earning £2 a day.

4. The Curse of the Argonaut Treasure

Andrei Chamkin, An archaeologist searches for the Argonaut treasure for 15 years, with hopes of recognition and unfathomable wealth. Once Chamkin finally discovered the stunning treasure estimated to be worth $50,000.00 each piece. It was considered an amazing find, full of gold and silver, many people associated with the black market for antiquities purchased items from the Argonaut treasure for undisclosed amounts.  Though the treasure is now in a museum, the archaeologist’s family that found the hidden treasure have felt the misfortune of the Argonaut curse, 15 members of the family have mysteriously died.

3. The Curse of The Little Bastard

The Little Bastard was the name that James Dean gave his Porsche Spyder in 1955. It was one of only 90 that were manufactured. His friends tried to warn him when he purchased it. They felt like the car was bad news. Unfortunately, they were right. James Dean died in The Little Bastard on September 30^th 1955.

Master customizer, George Barris, purchased the wrecked vehicle for less than $3,000. When the car arrived at his shop, it fell on top of one of the mechanics as it was being unloaded. The mechanic suffered two broken legs. Barris realized at that moment that the car was trouble.

In the fall of 1956, Barris’ feelings were confirmed. During a race, two cars that had parts from The Little Bastard crashed. The driver of the car that was running on the Porsche’s engine, died. The other driver survived but reported that the locked on him when he was entering the curve.

Afterwards, a young man trying to steal the Porsche suffered an arm wound when the steering wheel slipped. Another man almost died when two of his tires blew out at the same time; the tires were taken off of The Little Bastard. There were mishaps with the car until 1960. The car disappeared while it was being transported as part of an exhibit. No one has ever located it.

2. The Curse of The Hope Diamond

Le bleu de France, as the Hope Diamond is also called is kept in the Smithsonian Museum. The 45.52 carat diamond is blue to the eye because of boron that is contained in its structure. It was formed in the Earth over 1 billion years ago. The diamond has been in many lands and many hands, including a few Kings. Unfortunately, wherever it went, its notorious curse followed.

The diamond is said to bring bad luck and tragedy to any person who wears or owns it. Most people simply assumed that the myth was created to increase the diamond’s value and reputation. Yet, oddly enough there have been news stories that aided in adding more mystery to the big, blue gem. Sadly, none of them were pleasant.

One news account told of Jacques Colet purchasing the diamond from another man; he later committed suicide. The man, who purchased it from Colet, was killed by Russian revolutionists. The woman, who borrowed it from that man, was killed by her lover. There were at least 10 more accounts given in this same article that was published in the New York Times in 1911. There was never any true confirmation of any of these things happening.

Some people believe that the Pierre Cartier made all of the stories up to entice a buyer. No one needs to worry anymore. It’s very unlikely that the museum will be loaning it out or selling it to anyone.

1. The Curse of the Pharaoh:

This ancient curse is based on the belief that if a person disturbs the mummy of any ancient Egyptian, especially that of a pharaoh will be cursed. This curse doesn’t discriminate and it doesn’t matter if the culprit is a thief or an archeologist; bad luck, illness or death is the cost of disturbing the peace of a resting pharaoh. There has been debate over whether not the curse is real.

One of the reasons many doubt the authenticity of the curse is that there can be scientific basis for illness and death. Bacteria that have grown in the underground tombs of the sleeping kings can cause irreparable damage to the human respiratory system. This can be the underlying cause of any death or sickness.

There have been many reported versions, related to the opening of King Tutankhamun Tomb, once such version is that Howard Carter found and unusual clay tablet in the Antechamber of the lost king’s tomb. A few days after cataloguing it, the story suggests that, Alan Gardiner deciphered the hieroglyphics. The tablet read: Death will slay with his wings whoever disturbs the peace of the pharaoh.

Both Carter and Gardiner viewed the curse as a warning to tomb robbers, but the tablet is alleged to spook away the local workers, all accounts of the mysterious tablet were removed from the documented records. The tablet itself disappeared, of course, never having been photographed or sketched. So, there is no solid evidence that the tablet even existed, only speculation.

The second version of the curse proclaims that on entering the second golden shrine, above the door read: They who enter this sacred tomb shall swift be visited by wings of death.

• Of the 26 people present at the opening of the tomb, 6 had died.
• Of the 22 people present at the opening of the sarcophagus, 2 had died.
• Carter died in 1939 at age 64, Harry Burton died in 1940 at age 60, and Sir Alan Gardiner died in 1963 at age 84.

The tomb was first opened in November of 1922. No one knows for sure if the curse is the real but many people remain skeptical.

While superstition and legend may be associated with the relics in this list, there are some people that may suggest that the Curse to any given relic is real and the documented consequences are the living proof that some relics might be better off left hidden and unearthed. Though numerous relics in this list have been considered great archeological finds, the misfortune, illness, and death that has been linked to several of these relics could be considered coincidental, or are the mishaps and ill-fated fortunes a reflection of the curse that is associated with each relic. No one may ever the truth, but many people throughout the world have felt the impact of these curses first hand. 

10. Rechargers in the Road

The drive to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels has taken many paths, but it has turned a new corner through the efforts of the Korea Advanced Institute of Technology. Engineers there have created a system of electric strips that they embed in the road surface and use to recharge electric buses. Although the technology is still in its experimental stage, the prospects are very good and the pilot project being run in an amusement park in Gwacheon is having exceptional success. The power passes between the strips and the vehicle through a magnetic transfer and maximum charge pick-up was achieved when the gap between the vehicle and the roadway was thirteen centimeters (approximately five inches). It is envisaged that in the real world, this means of maintaining the electrical charge of a battery-driven car will reduce the size of the battery required by eighty per cent and the cost of running the vehicle by two-thirds.

9. Pig Urine Plastic

As the world struggles with the demand for plastic products, the environmental impact of large-scale farming and the need to reduce our dependence on fossil fuels, a Danish think-tank has come up with a way to do all three by making the first from the waste of the second rather than the third. Agroplast has gained some positive results in their pursuit of recycling pig urine into household items and dinnerware. Basically, urea is a compound of oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon and is readily found in urine. The ability to commercialize the substance into a cost effective product is a financial boon for the company. As pig urine is the most difficult of farm wastes to dispose of safely, it has made sense to use this source for the venture. The added bonus is that making biodegradable plastics from ingredients other than petrochemicals reduces the demand for fossil fuels. If there had to be one last point to seal the deal, it would have to be that the urine-based plastic products can be made for about a third less than conventional plastic. So next time you’re at your Danish friend’s barbecue and he hands you a plastic plate and offers you a sausage, remember that you may be saving the environment of Denmark and the resources of the western world, even if it means the sausage isn’t the only piece of pork in your hand.

8. Personal Propulsion Unit – SoloTrek XFV

In the mid 1960’s promises were given that jetpack propulsion was the way of the transportation in the future. Those of us around then are still waiting for our own jetpack unit, so that we can zip around the neighborhood or around the world laughing at all those cumbersome vehicles on the roads below. While it looks like we’re going to waiting for some time yet for our jetpacks, the latest advance in the field of personal VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) aircraft has recently passed a vital stage in its development. The SoloTrek XFV is a high-power system that incorporates two sizeable propellers, one on either side of the pilot at shoulder height, and an engine/control structure that clings to the pilot like an oversized playmate demanding a piggyback. Although it promises maneuverability and ease of operation in confined spaces, the assurance that it can transport an individual in a standing position for up to two hours does sound a little like an invitation to travel on any of a hundred overcrowded public transport systems in the world.

7. Artificial Trees

The issues surrounding Global Warming cannot be simplified, but one of the major challenges is that of addressing the excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Rooted in a science project on which he worked with his daughter, Klaus Lackner’s study and consequent proposal is to create Artificial Trees. The “trees” would suck CO₂ from the atmosphere and deposit it in the spaces beneath the earth’s surface that have been left by exhausted oil and gas fields. While there is a quaint sense of justification in the process, the one question that shoots into most people’s mind is, “Why not simply plant more real trees?” Lackner has not ignored this option, but his study has shown that it would take every square inch of fertile soil on the planet to accommodate enough trees to do the job. The technology behind his proposal draws on the natural structure of the leaf of a tree as leaves are impressively successful absorbers of CO₂. Using this natural technology and amplifying the process will hopefully redress our overproduction of carbon dioxide since the Industrial Revolution.

6. Date Rape Drug Spotter

Among the many lucid list of available street drugs and dubious substances that pervade the modern social scene, there are few, if any, more sinister than gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB), Rohypnol (Ruffies) and ketamine, more commonly known as date-rape drugs. These drugs can render its victims unconscious and susceptible to sexual assault. To combat this global insidious scourge, The Florida-based Drink Safe Technology designed the coaster that will detect the presence of these foreign substances in a drink. It only requires a drop of a drink on the coaster, that is then rubbed in with a finger and the coaster will turn blue if any of these drugs are present. Each coaster can be used to test two drinks. While there is no doubt that the devious and despicable will always find new ways to deceive, this innovative advancement will hopefully prove to be successful. The technology to confront such abuse is some comfort to many women that frequent lounges, clubs and parties for fun.

5. The Camera in a Pill

Anyone who has ever had a gastroscopy or colonoscopy knows the true meaning of “invasive”. Anyone who has ever thought about these procedures probably winces in sympathy. So when engineers from Given Imaging created the Camera Pill, a huge number of people were able to sit more easily. The Camera Pill is a little than four grams in weight, measures 26mm x 11mm and goes down easily with a few sips of water. It can be directed with a magnetic remote control and transmits up to eighteen images per second as it makes its way through the digestive system. A full scan of the digestive tract can take less than an hour and the results can be interpreted virtually straight away. Of course, the question that’s always asked is “How do you recover the Camera Pill?” From all reports, it is passed in the way most of us anticipate and with little, if any discomfort, but there is little mention of actual “recovery”.

4. iPad, iPhone, I want!

The convenience and endless possibilities of the iPad and iPhone have made the technology of Apples marvelous toys on of the greatest advances in personal computer and communication technology. While there are some critics who would suggest that the iPad is simply a successful reworking of a previously unsuccessful Microsoft computer, the Tablet PC. However, the user-friendly software, that has been a hallmark of Apple software progression since its inception, Apple has addressed and fulfilled the potential of a good idea in hardware that easy user friendly, light in weight, and multifunctional. The adulations and adjectives rain down upon Apple like, well, if you need a simile for it, then there’s probably an app for that! But one would be wise to avoid superlatives, as the nature of the iPhenomenon is such that there will continue to be advances and upgrades that will surpass any current achievement, so hold off the cheers and personal excitement of these new-age gadgets, because Apple technology is constantly being developed and upgraded and will someday be discussed historically as a twenty first century software achievement.

3. Wooden Bones

Long John Silver would be astounded to think that he was blessed with Twenty-first Century technology, but Italian scientists are confidently developing the use of wooden implants to help heal broken bones. Red oak, sipo and rattan have been found the most effective, although they can barely be recognized as such by the end of the week-long preparation. The wood is heated to a stage of being pure carbon, then sprayed with calcium and, after a further series of chemical and physical processes, emerges as carbonated hydroxyapatite. But, despite the changes that occur, it’s the sponginess of the wood that makes it so desirable. The natural similarity in texture means that the bone will grow into the structure more quickly and reduce the recovery time. The wooden bones can be molded to any required shape and also has the added advantage over more traditional metal plates in that they won’t set off the metal detectors at airports.

2. Have A Heart? Have An Abiocor

The extent of technology for combatting heart disease and other coronary conditions has finally been reached with the development of the AbioCor. This is a fully self-contained replacement heart that can function successfully in the patient’s circulatory system making it possible for a return to a full and fulfilling life. Consisting of four components, three located internally and one externally, the device uses transcutaneous energy transmission (TET) to pass electrical power across the skin from the external power supply to the internal battery pack. As well as being far more convenient for the patient, the absence of wires passing through the skin means the possibility of infection is all but negated completely. The potential applications of TET technology are endless as the ability to pass electrical power to internal devices without ongoing damage to the integrity of the body is a major step in reducing infection.

1. The Bionic Lens

The exploration of new technologies is like looking into the future, so when a new technology actually allows one to look into a personalized and purpose-built display without any visible screen, then reality starts to feel somewhat slippery. Babak Parviz of the University of Washington has developed a contact lens that has within it a radio-frequency receiver and solar-powered lens. Initially the project was intended to display messages about the health of the wearer’s eyes. But it took little time and a fraction more imagination to realize that the hologram like display could also give a range of other information. Appearing a short distance in front of the eye and only visible to the wearer, the display can be connected wirelessly to the computer of a car or plane and provide the driver or pilot with information that they previously had to look away from the path of the vehicle to see. There are even plans to make the contact lens internet compatible, so you can surf the net in any situation. So next time your loved one nods blankly while you’re venting after a hard day be aware that they might be taking in the latest football game, reading their email or indulging in some other form of personal internet entertainment.

As we swept into the 21^st century there have been advancements in medicine research, computer technology, and solar energy, and these are just a few of the innovative developments that have been modified to perfection and functionality. As scientists and developers continue to study new and upcoming innovative ideologies, continual medical research progression, and software development and advancement the twenty first century is sure to bring forth new and upcoming developments such as; medical breakthroughs, software, and eco-friendly innovation.

We scanned the entire planet to find some of the world’s smallest gadgets. There was no shortage of useful but really tiny machines to pick from. The tech was so small that there was no problem crunching the list down to the top ten of the world’s smallest machines (with plenty of room to spare X D).But alas, some of these inventions were created just for fun and some of them however small they may be, have all the features of functionality of their larger counterparts.

10. The World’s Smallest Drilling Machine

Father mice across the land will feel appreciated when they get a load of the world’s smallest drilling machine. The small button on the front activates the drill. Hard to imagine what you would drill with it but it’s certainly a novelty item. While most tools are renowned for combining power with a sleek, light design, this small devise takes it to the next level. This tiny drill can fit in any tight space imaginable. There is not a lot that is known about this drill or the creator, who goes by the name screenname S8, other than the fact that this drill is alleged to work similar to its larger counterpart.

9. The World’s Smallest Donkey Kong Arcade Game

This…..darned…thing…..my quarter won’t fit!

How much fun is this! We’ve all dreamed owning our own personal arcade machine but how realistic is that? Arcade game consoles are huge and usually found in old school restaurants near the back or in amusement parks. But now that someone had the inclination to create an arcade console no bigger than a bottle of beer, our dreams may come true! The world’s smallest Donkey Kong Arcade Game is only 8.25-inches tall. The game version is a bit different since its run on the Multiple Arcade Machine Emulator (MAME). Emulators simulate the behavior of hardware on software and allow games to be run on computers and other devices.

It runs on a GamePark GP2X Wiz, due to its speed in processing electronic information, its OLED screen and its suitability for handling the entire Donkey Kong game. The system is 512 times smaller than its normal counterpart yet includes all the 80’s glitz and glam of its predecessor. The coolest feature about this small arcade system has to be the two coin slots on the front. They did that just to mess with us, don’t you think?

8. The World’s Smallest Washing Machine

Remember honey…don’t overfill the machine.

Sometimes you just don’t want to waste your high tech, super efficient washing machine on one or two shirts. If only there were a machine just small enough for —well would you look at that…

The world’s smallest, working laundry machine was created by Haier, a company famous for its cutting edge technology in the electronic appliance arena. It is about 1 cubic foot is size and fits close to two adult sized shirts at once. It includes three wash cycles and water levels: heavy, normal and quick.

The small device was introduced a year back in China and get this—Haier is readying the washer for release on the open market. According to Haier, the device is meant for parents concerned with being green and who use diapers made of cloth. Apparently most parents use special cleaning services to wash these sorts of diapers and Haier believes they are a viable customer base. They also hinted this little gem could be used wash swimsuits drenched in chlorine or other delicate items. RV travelers might love it as well. One thing is for sure—it’ll save a ton on the water bill.

7. The World’s Smallest Digital Camera/Camcorder

You are elegance, you are style, you are….. Plankton? Now VOGUE!

This next item is very James Bond-esque, particularly because of its potential for use on top, secret reconnaissance missions. The world’s smallest camera only weighs about half an ounce and is a little over one inch wide, one inch long and one inch thick.  Obviously the creators had bare minimums in mind when they made this camera.

The pictures it takes aren’t all the bad either. The 2 megapixel picture quality is similar to a mid-range camera phone and can take pictures with 1600 x 1200 resolutions. You’ll feel like a seasoned spy veteran with this camera on hand. It is very similar to the surveillance devices used during the Cold War when agents went on missions to gather intelligence. It houses one single button and to be honest, that’s all you really need to take a picture, right? It has automatic focusing capabilities and get this—it can record video at 30 frames per second with decent quality. The recorded videos boast a respectable 640 x 480 resolution. Like any other camera, you can connect the microSD card to your computer and upload all your photos and videos.  Next time you’re feeling in the mood for some espionage; don’t forget to add this camera to your collection of cool spy tools.

6. The World’s Smallest Wireless Router

Honey, I shrunk the network?

In this new age of information, families are wary of having wireless signals that reach every device in the house including cell phones, computers and tablet devices. But don’t you hate that cluttered look from clunky, wireless routers? Well hate no more because this router is so small, you might forget it’s even there.

Produced by TP-Link, a global producer of computer networking technology, this Wireless N Nano Router provides internet access for all devices in range of its signal. It’s not even the size of your average credit card. It houses all the same technology as bigger routers, producing internet speeds of up to 150 Mbps. Given its size, you might not expect to hold much of a charge, but this little bad boy can work for up to four and a half hours! The fact that this router is battery powered and highly portable makes it a pretty attractive buy for many consumers throughout the world.

5. World’s Smallest Cell Phone

If you talk much, you might accidentally swallow it.

Everyone loves cell phones. Kids, young adults, and older adults, there is a phone out there for every need, from internet access to video conferencing. Since the inception of cell phones, one of the key features of their design has been size. Unlike most technology, when it comes to phones, smaller and thinner is better. But this is a bit overboard.

The Modu phone is listed in the Guinness Book of World Records as the smallest phone on record in the world. The phone has all the same functions as a regular sized phone is only 0.3 inch thick. It barely weighs 40 grams. That’s about the same weight as three and a half quarters. You would think a phone this size couldn’t possibly do anything but make calls, if that. You’d be wrong. This little critter has expandable features and can double as a gaming Smartphone and transform into a mobile music player. That’s pretty impressive when you think about it.

4. World’s Smallest Microwave

Ok, now this is just being lazy…

Anyone who has ever worked in an office setting will understand this scenario.  You’re looking forward to break time, but you’re dreading the fact you have to waste five minutes going all the way to break room, just to wait in line for the microwave? Well now you don’t even have to leave your seat.

Frazer Designers and Heinz came together to create the world’s smallest microwave. It is powered through a USB connection. The Plug and play capability with the USB connection adds a bit of hi-tech flair and coolness to an otherwise mundane piece of equipment.  The world’s smallest microwave is a shade of blue and is only 7.4 inches tall, 6.2 inches wide, and 5.9 inches thick.

They should have had a contest or something like that to pick the name however. The small machine is known as the Beanzawave. If you’re like most people, the sheer ridiculousness of the name is just striking. One question you might have is just how does a microwave this small, powered by a computer, manage to generate the heat necessary to warm up your food? The answer wasn’t very comforting for the Microwave Association (Let’s stop right there for a second. Who even knew there was actually Microwave Association in existence?). Well it does exist and they aren’t thrilled the Beanzawave uses phone radio frequencies to create and produce heat. Heinz has designed little cups of food, about 1 serving worth, to be used in conjunction with the Beanzawave. They’re called “Snap Pots.”

3. World’s Smallest Espresso Machine

I need more coffee by ten am than this thing could probably make.

Everyone needs a hot cup of Joe every now and again. Espresso machines are extremely popular and with everyone on the go these days, portable varieties have become very desirable. If you’re a traveler, you may want to get your hands on the world’s smallest espresso machine, known as Simply Espresso. The wait is over for coffee, this small coffee maker will even fit perfectly in a suitcase or travel bag.

Created by the French technology company, Nielsen Innovation, the Simply Espresso machine is sold by Stelton. It’s renowned for its ease of use and it has considerable power. Just like its big brothers and sisters, the Simply Espresso can crush beans with a pressure of 16 bars. It’s 9 x 3 inches and just the right size to save the day. You can pack it for a trip, slide it in a drawer, or just save yourself some space on the kitchen counter. So how many creams and how many sugars?

2. The World’s Smallest TV

3D-Demoralizing, Dastardly and Diminutive

For as long as we can probably remember, when it comes to televisions, bigger is always better. The big screen television has recently become a hallmark of human society, with the many different options and functions, such as flat screen, plasma, 3-D. Some may consider a large Television a sign of status and success. Maybe you want to be different and own the world’s smallest television. So why not think about purchasing this small counterpart that has all the functionality and features that a large television offers.

Your eyes may hurt just thinking about this little whopper, but this small machine comes with special television glasses. This little bit of technology was designed specially to be used with unique television glasses; that is suggested to enhance the picture quality and personal television experience. The screen is about half as big as a postage stamp.

1. World’s Smallest Computer (Computing System)

Maybe if I implant this in your brain, you’ll be smarter.

Computers have become ubiquitous in our society. Only twenty years ago, we were looking at computers and wondering if they were just too complicated to handle. In the beginning they were large and hardly equipped with the technology we have today. Over time though, computers and their processors became sleeker and faster. Laptops, calculators, Ipads, smartphones, they are all very small computers. But here we have the world’s smallest computing system.

The world’s smallest computing system is only millimeters long and about the size of a single letter on the back of a penny. It was designed as a monitoring system to measure eye pressure in glaucoma patients. The device can be transplanted behind the eyes. It is a powerful little joker able to connect with wireless networks from other computers and devices. It’s considered a revolutionary tool that could lead to similar devices that can measure pollution levels, structural integrity in buildings or even perform surveillance.

A guy named Bell once proposed a theory concerning small computers. According to his theory, every ten years or so, we get a new class of smaller, more efficient computers. He even predicted that they’d get smaller and smaller. With this new ultra small computer, it’d be ok to guess we’re right on track.

This list had a bit of everything. We’ve seen a microwaves that you can plug up to your computer, a washing machine that barely reaches your knees, cell phones smaller than your finger, miniature arcade systems, and lots of other small technology.   One thing is for sure, it’s amazing that so many types of technology can be housed in such small bits of space. It’s a testament to how cool technology (and the humans that invent it) really is.

Technology has come a long, long way. Gone are the days when cell phones were the size of your head, computers seemed to weigh a ton, and televisions were strictly for the house. As a people, we’ve managed to essentially shrink everything down to bite size. It might be worth taking a look at possibly owning one of these trinkets just to show it off the Jones’.

Where was man supposed to draw the line? It seems that many of the things that man is attempting to achieve, or is acutally doing, are unethical. For instance, who gave man the right to determine if someone should live or die? Who gave man the authority to decide who should be born and who shouldn’t? Here is a list of 10 ways that man tries to play the role of God:

10. Predicting Armageddon

The Bible says that only the creator knows when the end of the world will take place. However, man insists on trying to induce worldwide chaos with constant predictions of when they believe the world is going to end. Most of the predictions are usually based on some form of science or archeological find. There have been predictions by lost civilizations and numerologists.

Many people with foundations in religion find it easy to ignore the maniacal rants of those who swear they know when the world is ending. However, there are also those who feel the need to have underground bunkers and stashes of food and other goods, in an effort to be prepared. What they are preparing for is unknown.  The end of the world isn’t something that can be predicted. It’s something that is just going to happen…

9. Life Support System

No one likes to be faced with the loss of a loved one. However, what happens when you know there is no chance of them coming back. Life support systems were designed to keep people alive; who would surely die without them. Basically, it’s sustaining something that is already gone.

There have been instances where someone was on a life support system for years and recovered. There are also the instances where a family has waited prolonged amounts of time, only to have to decide to turn the machines off. Of course, by not using the system, you never know if they would have come back or not. Yet, isn’t it God who decides when someone is born and when someone dies.

The use of life support systems is another example of man stepping in to God’s shoes. By artificially sustaining a life that God has already taken back, man is attempting to override the decision as a creator of life.

8. Slavery

Slavery isn’t used in terms of just the enslavement of African American people for approximately 400 hundred years. African Americans weren’t the first people to be enslaved. There were slaves in the Bible. Native Americans were enslaved. Jewish people were enslaved. There are still nations across the world that believes another race of people was meant to be enslaved.

Slavery has been justified by oppressors, in so many ways. Many use their religious books as a means of proving that slavery isn’t wrong. This was especially so in the instance of the enslavement of African American in the Americas. White Christians used the Bible to try to persuade others to believe that God said these people of dark skin were nothing but animals; uncivilized, they were meant to serve.

Who is to determine master from slave? Who is to determine civilized from uncivilized? Who is to determine which race of man is to oppress another race of man?

7. Genocide

Genocide is the purposeful annihilation of an ethnic group or nation. There are other methods used to commit genocide; like taking away the capability to reproduce. Any step taken to rid the planet of a particular group is considered genocide.

What makes it right for any one person or group to decide that an entire race of people aren’t deserving of life. Unfortunately, this scenario has replayed itself throughout the world’s history. The largest example of genocide is present in the Holocaust. Hitler caused the death of millions of people; the majority of them were Jewish. African militant leader, Idi Amin, wiped out more hundreds of thousands of people; based on their ethnic groups.

If God made these people, should anyone have the right to say they are worthless? The killing of any man based on ethnicity is wrong. Think of it this way… if God decided that only animals were worthy of living on Earth and allowed man to know. How would it feel knowing that you were about to die because you were human?

6. Genetic Engineering

Also referred to as genetic modification, genetic engineering is man’s manipulation of an organism’s genetic content through the use of technology. It is centered on the introducing DNA that isn’t natural to the genome or artificial genes into the organism. Once a host gene has been isolated, new DNA material is inserted to it. This type of technology is used in research, for industrial purposes and for agriculture.

The problem that genetic engineering poses is that it alters the natural state of an organism. It has been argued that through this technology, people can pick and choose the types of physical characteristics they want their children to have. For example, they can now choose the color of their child’s eyes and the color of their hair. Instead of being happy with what God has blessed them with, parents can now create the child of their dreams. Research has proven that with the use of genetic engineering, man can control the genetic make-up of any organism. Science may be headed in a direction that may offer some benefits but may also bring about something that they lose control over.

At the time of conception, biology makes decisions. Is it alright for man to make changes in what has naturally occurred?

5. Stem Cell Harvesting

The stem cell controversy is the moral debate that addresses the conception, conduct and annihilation of human embryos in order to conduct research involving embryonic stem cells. There are other forms of stem cell research that don’t include any of the aforementioned steps. For instance, stem cells that are taken from adults, amniotic fluid or induced pluripotent stem cells have nothing to do with the use of human embryos at all.

The position taken in regards to stem cell harvesting is that technology requires the destruction of human embryos in order to obtain the stem cells. This causes an issue for pro-life activists who believe that at the moment of fertilization, an embryo becomes a life. In their eyes, stem cell harvesting is the same as committing murder. Creating a life only to destroy it is considered inhumane.

If research being conducted through the use of harvested stem cells can help man find cured for deadly diseases or prevent deformities, should it be allowed? If a person can be saved through the creation and destruction of another living organism, should it not be done? Or, are those the decisions that should be left to God.

4. Artificial Insemination

Often referred to as AI, Artificial insemination is the unnatural process of introducing sperm into the reproductive system of a woman to induce pregnancy by means other than the natural act of sex. For human beings, this process is completed using the sperm of a woman’s male partner or the sperm of a male donor. It is commonly used by couples who cannot reproduce on their own or by women who want children but are not interested in becoming impregnated the natural way. Ironically, artificial insemination was a technique that was widely used on animals such as dairy cattle and pigs and modified to be used by humans.

Many in society feel as though this is an example of man playing a role in a part of life in which he has no business. There are those who believe that all lives that are intended to be in existence will be; if it’s the will of God. It is also argued that artificial insemination is used by parents who want to make choices in reference to their child’s physical characteristics.

Is it right to prevent a woman or couple from giving birth, simply because she cannot conceive naturally? Was it not God’s intention for women to bring forth life? Yet, if he created a particular woman without the ability to do so, is it man’s place to change the life that God had intended for her?

3. Human Cloning

Science truly overstepped its boundaries with this one. The biological technique that is used to create like populations of genetically duplicated persons that naturally occurs when natural bacteria, florae or bugs are duplicates asexually is called cloning. There are two familiar types of human cloning, therapeutic and reproductive. Therapeutic cloning uses adult cells for medicine and research. Reproductive cloning is the process of replicating human beings.

There is another type of cloning that is possible. It would be a combination of the other two. Replacement cloning would be used to replace damaged body parts and to conduct whole or partial brain transplants.

All human cloning is controversial and demands to put a stop to it are widespread. Believe it or not, there are even scientific organizations that are against human cloning. Some believe that there are issues with safety, while others feel as though it’s a violation of ethics.

What happens in the instance that identical cells are needed in an effort to save another life? Is it then okay to reproduce an exact replica of the organism that is already in existence? Or should man make the decision to just let nature takes its course?

2. Capital Punishment

Also known as the death penalty, capital punishment is the sentence of death that is handed down to a person as a penalty for a criminal act; these criminal acts are usually referred to as capital crimes. The word capital is derived from the Latin term, “capitalis”. Ironically, it translates to ‘regarding the head”. Before the invention of the electric chair and prior to lethal injection, capital crimes were punished by the severing of the head.

Only 58 nations practice the death penalty and it has been outlawed in 96 countries. Countries that still have it on their books haven’t used it in decades and preserve it for special circumstances; like wartime.

The stance that is taken in regards to the death penalty is the same as any other that has to do with  man deciding who is worthy of living and who isn’t. Many feel that the government oversteps its boundaries when it begins ending lives, for whatever reason it may be done. Those who take a religious stance say that it’s murder. However, some say that the Bible also says an “eye for an eye”.

So, which stance is the right stance? If a man kills a man, does the judicial system have the right to take the murders life? Is it right to spare his life, if he took another life in order to save his own. Murder is murder, right? When is it justified?

1. Abortion

An abortion is a medical process by which a pregnancy is intentionally terminated via the removal or expulsion of the fetus or embryo before it can survive on its own. Spontaneous abortions, which occur naturally, are called a miscarriage. When the term abortion is used, it’s usually in reference to a miscarriage that has been induced on purpose.

From the time of its legalization, induced abortion has been the center of controversy, debate and activism. Many times the position that one takes on the topic is based on a moral or ethical viewpoint. It can even be political when it comes to women’s rights groups. Religiously, abortion is man playing God, once again.

There are many arguments made when it comes to this. Some will say a woman knows that one of the risks of having unprotected sex is pregnancy. If God deemed her ready to be a mother, who is she to change that. Many stand firm on the belief that all life is ordered by God. God decides who is born and when; he also decided who dies and when. If you look at it that way, with man making decisions about when to terminate a life, they are essentially messing with what God has willed to be.

As you can see, many of the things on this list deal directly with human life. Whether it should be spared…whether it should be terminated….whether it should be destroyed for advancement in science. When and where did man lose sight of the fact that there is a creator of all things; and that the creator of them should decide what happens to them?

With the direction that man is headed at the present time, this same list will have a few different things on it in approximately five years. Man doesn’t seem to understand that there are times when nature should be left alone to do what it’s intended to do naturally. Is man setting himself up for disaster?

10. Television

You can’t understate the hypnotic powers of television. From commercials wrought with subliminal messages, to 24 hour TV show marathons, to recycled episodes and reruns of Sportscenter and CNN, there is no shortage of contemporary television programs. Nowadays, a basic cable connection comes complete with about 100 channels. Digital cable and satellites have literally thousands of channels available. It doesn’t help we spend countless hours sitting in front of a television screen.

Why do televisions make this list? Simply put, televisions are the primary means of conditioning for the big broadcasting companies. When leaders have a message, they take it to the screen. When there’s a new product launch, it’s taken to the screen. Newscasters plaster television screens with killing and murder so we stay glued to their. Most of what we know about the outside world comes from what we see on television. It is doubtful that televisions will ever stop being relevant.

9. Women

Women possess an interesting combination of beauty and cunning. Their ability to bear children also makes them uniquely important to the cycle of life. Women also have the unparalleled ability to persuade and influence their male counterparts. Their sensuality gives them worldwide appeal. While not all societies regard them with the respect they deserve, there is no denying a woman’s inherent significance.

We are in a new generation, a new era when it comes to women. Unlike the past, women today have more rights and opportunities than ever. They have seized the opportunity to display their array of talents and abilities and made it clear they are every bit as capable as men. Despite the fact society is still mainly male dominated, women have moved far from their once domesticated lifestyle. They have become leaders of businesses and nations, exhibited political acuity, and continue to be at the forefront of higher education.

It’s not difficult to imagine how important women are. Like a rare, delicate flower we are very protective of our women. This isn’t because they’re weaker, but more because they represent the preciousness of life, beauty, and vitality.

8. Sex

Aside from its obvious significance as the natural means of reproduction in humans, sex is also a very popular source of pleasure. We love to do it, watch it and probably think about it a lot more than we’re willing to admit.

Sex is big business as well. It is said that prostitution is the world’s oldest occupation. We may never know if there is any truth in that but the fact remains people are willing to pay top dollar to experience sexual pleasure. On the legal side, porn industry is a multi-billion dollar industry.

Sex represents a very important type of human bonding. Although not everyone subscribes to abstinence, sex is still to some a very spiritual act, used to consummate marriage, a lifetime bond. Sex has a profound effect on the development of emotional bonds in humans.

7. Drugs

Everybody loves to get high…Ok, perhaps not everybody but drugs have become a huge part of human society and culture. On a number of levels, they contribute to a lot of very important aspects of human life. Drugs have the power to influence the economy, arts and entertainment, politics, class structure, and medicine. That list is in no way exhaustive.

Drugs are big business both in a legal and illegal sense. The drug trade has influenced many a political campaign since politicians and leaders are keenly aware of the effects drugs continue to have on communities across the nation. Drugs are the foundation of medical treatment and keep many people alive despite chronic or otherwise life threatening diseases. Unfortunately, multi-million dollar lawsuits come with the territory as well.

Drugs are also a source of pleasure and inspiration. Some of the greatest minds of our time were cultivated with lots of weed, cocaine and opium. Writers, artists and musicians have all credited drugs with altering their state of consciousness, giving them fresh perspective to create. Entire generations have used drugs to fuel their counter-culture beliefs.

6. The Internet (World Wide Web)

No place is the impact of technology more evident than within the development of computers and the internet. The World Wide Web, perhaps technology’s greatest gift, has singularly changed the way we learn, teach, communicate, entertain and inform. It has made the world smaller and allows the unprecedented spread of information and knowledge.

Never has a creation so recent in its development been able to impact and change so many different things so fast and with such power. The internet has brought us closer each other as a people. It has made us a more intelligent people by allowing us to access what is essentially our past, present and future. With the internet, we no longer need textbooks to learn about the history of the world. We don’t need a television to be entertained or updated on the latest news. With the advent of smartphones, we don’t need a computer to access technology to improve our lives. At the root of this new age we live is the internet.

While natural resources remain the foundation of human life—things like water, air, oil and such—information is and has always been the key to properly utilizing those resources. The internet is the face of the information age.

5. Technology

Technology and its role in shifting the way we live have influenced the entire world on a number of levels. The cars we drive, our cell phones, computers, traffic lights, medical technology, they have all impacted the way we think, act, and live. Technology has become so commonplace and so many things have been invented for the sake of convenience that we sometimes for technology’s role in our lives.

The most obvious way we can see technology’s significance is by looking at how we judge human advancement. While there are many constants, things that fundamentally never change over time, one thing is perfectly clear. As the world and the human race grows, so does technology and at an alarming rate. Technology allows us to both organize and utilize the entire body of knowledge we possess.

4. Religion

It’s said that God rules the world. So naturally, religion should make this list, right? Religion has been around since the beginning of time. Wars have been fought over religion. Societies have been founded on the premise of religion. As a way of thinking, religion has provided billions of people with a reason to live. All in all, religion and spirituality are fundamental parts of human existence.

Many nations came to be as a result of religious persecution and the pursuit of religious freedom. Religion has remained a consistent source of personal conviction and principles by which we live every day. There are even those who use religion to justify actions that are deemed “evil” like terrorism. Religion is also a source of world history. Much of human society was developed on principles of religion and universal concepts of God and spirituality. Christianity was the motivation for the Great Crusades. The bible is the bestselling book of all time. The never ending conflicts in the Middle East have religious roots. Many of our greatest monuments were created to honor religious and heavenly beings.

Even on the individual level, faith in religion dictates the everyday lives on billions of people. Religious doctrines and teachings help many to find purpose in living and a reason to exist. Without religion, one might argue the world and its existence is but a byproduct of science and coincidence. One of the greatest debates of our time relates to religious beliefs concerning the origin of our world. Given the historical significance of religion, its continued influence over the world and its inhabitants, and the veracity of its power, religion is definitely worthy of placement on this list.

3. Science

Science is the basis of what we know about the world around us. Discoveries in science have led to the development of countless laws and theories that shape how we live and interact with the planet. Experiments and research still to this day provide hope for everything from cures for chronic diseases like HIV and cancer to increased life expectancy.

Science remains one of the most fundamental aspects of our world. Our understanding of science affects us every day. Weather forecasts, fallout plans for disaster, global warming, the laws of physics, space travel—it is all predicated on scientific knowledge.

Without science, many of the items on this list might not exist. If not for the study of electricity, we would have no technology. There would be no televisions or the internet. Without science, we wouldn’t understand architecture to build homes, or even know how to cook. Science is ever present and continually influences everything we do.

2. Politics and Government

Without politics and government, there would be total worldwide chaos…Scratch that, politics and government allow us to structure the chaos that already exists in the world. Whether you’re living in a democracy or a dictatorship, anarchical societies are few and far between. Pretty much everyone has come to the conclusion that a central government is necessary to control the day to day dealings of a nation. It also provides a means for leadership to convene and make important decisions. No matter the type of government politics and government have played a vital role in our world’s development and is the hallmark of human civilization.

Politics and government, though powerfully significant aren’t always good. They have been vehicles for mass destruction and fear and the central motivation for conquest and invasion. Entire peoples have been oppressed through government. Corrupt politics are also a major part of our world. Ruthless dictators and power seekers trigger happy rulers and underhanded politicians manipulate government to work for them in spite of their constituents. As unfortunate as it may be, people are killed and assassinated for the sake of political interests all the time. Government cover ups and scandal are at the foundation of the world’s history.

Politics and government have been and remain a powerful influence over the world as we know it.

1. Money

You’ve heard it a million times and a million different ways—“money makes the world go round”, “money is the root of all evil”, “time is money”, “if it doesn’t make dollars, it doesn’t make sense”. No matter how you slice it, it’s difficult to argue with money being the driving force behind much of everything in the world. Money has a sphere of influence that doesn’t include many exceptions. Money affects everything, big or small.

On a large scale money affects entire societies, builds and destroys nations, determines the depths of social class and education, and is the unit by which entire economies are measured. On a smaller scale, it can have a profound effect on our individual quality of life and as such, can easily influence individual behavior. With money you can get away with murder…literally. Money can determine the outcome of political races. Without money, you cannot keep your lights on; have food, or even running water. If you have no money, you are essentially annexed from the civilized world

Money is by far the most powerful and influential thing ever created. It is so powerful that in many ways, it dictates the presence of every other thing on this list. Without money, you won’t be watching much television. The biggest crimes are motivated by the money associated with trafficking drugs. Money can buy you women and sex. The pulse of politics and government is dictated by debt ratios, campaign funding, war costs, economic status and the like. The best and latest technology costs lots and lots of money and is rarely available to those without financial resources. Access to the latest in scientific discoveries relating to medicine and health will ultimately depend on your health insurance, also money motivated.

It’s an unfortunate truth. Money is the glue that holds the world together.

Each of the items on this list has its place. Every one of them is arguably more important than its ranking might suggest. What we do know however, is that these ten things all have significant influence on how we live, communicate, learn and ultimately survive. They are each connected to the world and to each other. So whenever you’re in a bind and having trouble figuring out what really matters in the world, refer to this list. More likely than not, you’ll find answers in the top ten things that rule the world.